• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.141-151
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• 1993

Blood samples obtained from 200 adults who had visited the "S" general hospital were analyzed to compare the zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels quantified by high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) and by hematofluorometer (HF) to investigate the methodological difference if any and the relationship between the levels of blood lead and ZPP among no-lead exposed adults. Also investigated were the distribution of ZPP and protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) concentrations, the establishment of normal levels of blood ZPP and blood lead, and the contribution of age and sex factors to these values. These subjects had no previous occupational exposure to lead. The results obtained were as follows : 1. The mean values of blood lead for male and female subjects were $9.46{\pm}2.44{\mu}g/dl$ and $8.09{\pm}2.17{\mu}g/dl$, respectively. The difference observed in the mean concentrations between male and female subjects was statistically very significant. 2. The mean values of blood ZPP by HPLC for male and female subjects were $15.94{\pm}4.55{\mu}g/dl$ and $22.26{\pm}6.61{\mu}g/dl$, respectively. The difference observed in the mean concentrations between male and female subjects was statistically not significant. The mean values of blood PPIX by HPLC for male and female subjects were $2.51{\pm}1.78{\mu}g/dl$ and $2.81{\pm}1.56{\mu}g/dl$, respectively. The difference observed in the mean concentrations between male and female subjects was statistically not significant. 3. The mean values of blood ZPP by HF for male and female subjects were $28.44{\pm}7.11{\mu}g/dl$ and $37.77{\pm}8.04{\mu}g/dl$, respectively. The difference observed in the mean concentrations between male and female subjects was statistically very significant. 4. No statistically significant correlation was found between the levels of blood ZPP and blood lead. 5. The ratio of ZPP and protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) concentration to erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP, EP=ZPP+PPIX) concentration was 87.4% and 12.6%, respectively. 6. A statistically very significant correlation was found between the ZPP concentrations determined by HPLC and the values by HF (r=0.7565). The ZPP concentraitons quantified by HF were 1.75 times as high as the values obtained by HPLC. 7. The blood ZPP concentrations quantified by HPLC, HF, and spectrofluorometer (SF) from the blood samples obtained from 14 lead-exposed workers and from 16 no-lead exposed adults showed wide variations. The ZPP concentrations by HF were the highest followed by the levels obtained by SF and by HPLC. In the exposed group, no statistically significant difference was found among three methods of quantifying blood ZPP levels. In the no-lead exposed group, however, statistically significant difference was observed among these methods. The ZPP concentrations by HF were about twice as high as those of by HPLC or by SF. Among three methods of quantifying blood ZPP (HPLC, SF and HF), the results revealed significant difference. Therefore it is suggested that objective methods of quantifying blood ZPP and a system of correcting different ZPP levels be developed by the ministry of Labor.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.608-616
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• 1992

Using the hematofluiorometer normal values of the erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin(ZPP) and ZPP/Heme ratio were measured in 312 males and 163 females aged from 6 month to 73 years old and compared with those of anemic persons. The mean$\pm$SD values of ZPP of normal Koreans were 28.5$\pm$6.4($\mu\textrm{g}$/dl) in males and 3.18$\pm$7.7 in females. the mean$\pm$SD of ZPP/Heme ratio were 49.5$\pm$12.3($\mu$mol/mol heme) in males and 62.0$\pm$15.8 in females. The difference in the mean ZPP and ZPP/Heme ratio values between male and female subjects were statistically signficant(p<0.0001) In male subjects the mean ZPP and ZPP/Heme ratio of the age groups less than 15 years old were higher than adult groups and the difference between age groups was significant(p<0.005 and p<0.0001 respecti-vely) The normal upper limit of the mean$\pm$2SD in normal male and female subjects were 41.3 and 47.2 for ZPP and 74.1 and 93.6 for ZPP/Heme ratio respectively. The mean values of ZPP and ZPP/Heme ratio measured in the anemic persons were higher than those of normal subjects and did not show any significant difference by the sex and age groups except in 6-14 years male groups. The test specificity(positivity) analyzed in the anemic persons by the cut-off values calculated from the normal data were 50.6% for ZPP and 73.0% for ZPP/Heme ratio. The correlation analysis between blood hemoglobin and erythrocyte ZPP or ZPP/Heme ratio in the total 801 normal and anemic subjects showed that there are very high logarithmic correlation between the hemoglobin levels and ZPP/Heme ratio (r=-0.8339) and high correla-tion between the hemoglobin levels and ZPP concentrations(r=-0.6372) These results suggested that the measurement of the erythrocyte ZPP and ZPP/Heme ratio with the hematofluorometer can be a usuful screening method for iron deficiency anermin because they provide a reliable immediate results with a small amount of sample and are relatively simple and inexpensive.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.95-103
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• 1991

For the purpose of estimating the working environment and the relationship between the airborne lead concentration and the ZPP level in the whole blood of the workers, the airborne lead concentrations and the ZPP level were measured at the 26 plants which deal with lead, from October 5 to November 5 in 1988. Analysis of the airborne lead concentration was performed by NIOSH Method 7082, and the ZPP level was measured by a hematofluorometer. The following results are concluded. 1. The average airborne lead concentration of the lead battery manufactures is 0.025mg/m$^{3}$ and that of the secondary lead smelters is 0.023mg/m$^{3}$. There were no significant differences between industry (p>0.1) 2. At the lead battery manufacture, the process of lead powder production showed the highest concentration of 0.034mg/m$^{3}$ but there were no significant differences among the processes (p>0.1). At the secondary lead smelter, the process of dismantling waste batteries showed the highest concentration 0.141mg/m$^{3}$, and there were very significant differences among the processes (p<0.005). 3. The ZPP level in the whole blood showed significant differences between industry (p<0.10). The average ZPP level of the lead battery manufactures is 133.0 + 106.3 $\mu$g/100ml and that of the secondary lead smelters is 149.6 + 110.9 $\mu$g/100ml. 4. The correlation coefficients between the airborne lead concantration and ZPP level were 0. 426 (p<0.001) for the lead battery manufactures and 0.484 (p<0.001) for the secondary lead smelters. The correlation coefficients between the work duration (in months) and the ZPP level were 0.238 (p<0.001) for the lead battery mannfactures and 0.075 (p>0.10) for the secondary lead smelters. 5. The linear regression equation, with the airborne lead concentration as an independent variable and the ZPP level as a dependent variable, is Y=96.84+1300.34X (r=0.448, p<0.001) for the 26 plants which deal with lead. The linear regression equation, with the work duration(in months) as an independent variable and the ZPP level as a dependent variable, is Y=127.28 +0.49X (r=0.162, p<0.05). 6. The correlation coefficients between the amount of inhaled lead and ZPP level were 0.349 (p < 0.001) for the lead battery manufactures and 0.318(p<0.001) for the secondary lead smeltes. The linear regression equation for the 26 plants surveyed, with the amount of inhaled lead as an independent variable and ZPP level as a dependent variable, is Y=123.63+18.82X (r=0. 335, p<0.001).

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.224-236
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• 1998

자동차 배기가스내 연에 노출될 위험이 큰 직업의 하나인 지하주차장 근무자들의 혈중 연 및 ZPP 농도를 측정하고 근무자의 특성에 따른 연농도의 분포 양상 및 그 상관 요인을 규명하기 위하여 1997년 7월 1일부터 9월 30일까지 대구광역시 소재 모 지하주차장의 남자 차량관리 근무자 25명과 자동차 배기 가스에 직접적으로 노출되지 않는다고 생각되는 사무직 근로자 33명을 대상으로 면접설문조사를 하고, 정맥 혈을 채취하여 원자화 무염광로를 부착한 원자흡광광도계 및 hematofluorometer를 이용하여 혈중 연 및 ZPP 농도를 측정하였다. 지하주차장 근무자들의 평균 혈중 연 농도는 $23.10{\pm}20.77{\mu}g/dl$였고, 대조군은 $12.99{\pm}12.71{\mu}g/dl$로 유의한 차이가 있었으며(p<0.05), 평균 혈중 ZPP 농도는 지하주차장 근무자는 $40.72{\pm}9.46{\mu}g/dl$였고, 대조군은 $38.21{\pm}10.97{\mu}g/dl$로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 지하주차장 근무 정력에 따른 평균 혈중 연 농도는 5년 미만이 $20.60{\pm}18.28{\mu}g/dl$였고, 5년 이상이 $29.22{\pm}20.76{\mu}g/dl$로써 근무 경력이 많을수록 혈중 연 농도가 증가하는 경향이 있었으나 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 지하주차장 근무 경력에 따른 평균 혈중 ZPP 농도는 5년 미만이 $42.94{\pm}8.75{\mu}g/dl$였고, 5년 이상이 $36.00{\pm}9.71{\mu}g/dl$로써 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었으며, 근무 경력과 혈중 연 및 ZPP 농도사이에 상관 관계는 거의 없었다. 흡연 습관과 혈중 연 농도의 관계에서는 지하주차장 근무자는 흡연군에서 높은 혈중 연 농도를 나타내었으나 통계적으로는 유의하지는 않았고, 혈중 ZPP 농도도 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 혈중 연 농도를 종속변수로하고, 연령, 흡연습관 및 직종을 독립변수로 한 중회귀분석에서 직종만이 혈중 연 농도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수였고, 혈중 ZPP 농도를 종속변수로하고, 연령, 흡연습관 및 직종을 독립변수로 한 중회귀분석에서 연령만이 혈중 ZPP 농도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수였다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.287-302
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• 1992

1991년 5월 1일부터 약 6개월 동안 남자 1,193명 및 여자 658명을 대상으로 우리나라 도시 거주자들의 혈중 혈색소치, ZPP치 및 연농도를 성별, 연령별로 측정한 결과 아래와 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 혈색소의 평균치는 남자 $14.55{\pm}1.82g/dl$, 여자 $12.61{\pm}1.18g/dl$이었으며. 20세 이상군에서는 남자가 여자보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 2. 혈중 ZPP치는 $32.54{\pm}9.88(32.09{\sim}32.99{\mu}g/dl,\;95%\;C.I.){\mu}g/dl$ 이었으며 7세 미만 소아의 혈중 ZPP치는 남아 및 여아가 $37.49{\pm}13.31{\mu}g/dl$ 및 $35.77{\pm}11.85{\mu}g/dl$로 7세 이상군의 남자 및 여자의 $31.91{\pm}8.23{\mu}g/dl$ 및 $30.11{\pm}9.11{\mu}g/dl$보다 유의하게 높았다(p< 0.05). 3. 혈중 연농도는 $23.84{\pm}4.58(23.55{\sim}24.14{\mu}g/dl,\;95%\;C.I.){\mu}g/dl$ 이었으며, 7세 미만 소아의 혈중 연농도는 남아 및 여아가 $25.10{\pm}5.21{\mu}g/dl$ 및 $24.45{\pm}4.18{\mu}g/dl$로 7세 이상군의 남자 및 여자의 $24.28{\pm}3.00{\mu}g/dl$ 및 $21.99{\pm}5.05{\mu}g/dl$보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과를 요약하면 우리나라 도시 거주인은 남녀 모두 전연령에 걸쳐 높은 혈중 ZPP치 및 연농도를 나타내었으며 이러한 현상은 학동기전 소아에서 더욱 현저하므로 이들에 대한 관리대책 수립이 필요하다고 사료된다.