• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.41-52
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• 2021

Purpose - This study is to identify the relationship between the gap of in-role behaviour (IRB) on employee's interpersonal behaviour with the different perspective considering this behaviour as a social action that employees show in their work life, away from the perspective of conventional research that treats IRB as task performance. Design/methodology/approach - This study focus on the level of IRB gap that individuals have with their colleagues and its effect on the interpersonal behaviours such as helping and incivility instigation. The higher the level of difference, the more likely it would negatively affect their interpersonal behaviour through stress. The analysis was conducted on 250 employees of Korean companies through partial least squares structural equation modelling. Findings - The analysis shows that IRB gaps have a negative effect on employee's fully helping, and partly instigated incivility, in mediating stress. Implications based on the results of the study were presented in the conclusion. Research implications or Originality - The approaches and findings thus study showed are unique because most of existing studies have not tried to focus on the gap of in-role behaviour between employees and their colleagues. This study can give novels inspirations to other researchers in the related field.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.255-260
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• 2005

We investigated interventions by mother Jeju ponies on Jeju Island, Korea, to determine whether mothers assisted their offspring to attain higher status within the dominance hierarchy. Because dominance rank is important within each gender, we predicted that mothers would be more likely to intervene when their foals were play-fighting with foals of the same gender. A total of 173 play-fighting events were recorded from March to October 1998 and from April to October 1999. Of these, foals were more likely to play-fight with a foal of the same gender as with a foal of the opposite gender (120 versus 53 occurrences, respectively). A mother of one of the foals that were play-fighting intervened in 17 of these interactions. Contrary to the prediction, a mare was more likely to intervene when opposite genders interacted than when the same gender interacted. Analyzing interactions between the opposite genders further, mothers were equally likely to intervene when a daughter was play-fighting with a male foal as when a son was play-fighting with a female foal. Hence, mothers were not more protective of daughters than sons. Mothers that were in the younger age class ($2\sim11$ years old) were as likely to intervene as those in the elder age class ($17\sim25$ years old). However, all foals that were harassed were offspring of mothers in the younger, more subordinate age class. intervention directly maintains the dominance rank of the intervening mother, and may indirectly assist the intervening mother's foal to achieve a higher dominance rank. By discouraging their foals from play-fighting with the opposite genders, dominant mothers may be encouraging their foals to play-fight with the same gender and participate in establishing its own dominance rank.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.145-152
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• 2015

Barriers to health seeking constitute a challenging issue in the treatment of breast cancer. The current meta-synthesis aimed to explore common barriers to health seeking among Malaysian breast cancer patients. From the systematic search, nine studies were found meeting the inclusion criteria. Data extraction revealed that health behavior towards breast cancer among Malaysia women was influenced by knowledge, psychological, sociocultural and medical system factors. In terms of knowledge, most of the Malaysian patients were observed to have cursory information and the reliance on the information provided by media was limiting. Among psychological factors, stress and sense of denial were some of the common factors leading to delay in treatment seeking. Family member's advice, cultural beliefs towards traditional care were some of the common sociocultural factors hindering immediate access to advanced medical diagnosis and care. Lastly, the delay in referral was one of the most common health system-related problems highlighted in most of the studies. In conclusion, there is an immediate need to improve the knowledge and understanding of Malaysian women towards breast cancer. Mass media should liaise with the cancer specialists to disseminate accurate and up-to-date information for the readers and audience, helping in modification of cultural beliefs that hinder timing health seeking. However, such intervention will not improve or rectify the health system related barriers to treatment seeking. Therefore, there is an immediate need for resource adjustment and training programs among health professional to improve their competency and professionalism required to develop an efficient health system.