• 한국의류학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.53-67
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyze the foot shape and size specification of male high school students. 3D modeling programs such as 'Artec Studio', 'CATIA', and 'Auto CAD' measured the 3D scan data of 361 male high school students provided by KATS. Through principal factor analysis, 10 factors were extracted, including foot length, medial-lateral ratio, and foot length ratio. As the result of the cluster and ANOVA with post-hoc test (Duncan method), the differences among types were clarified. Type 1 (24.7%) represented outward medial-lateral ratio (M-L ratio) with the lowest instep, ankle and little deformed first toe. Type 2 (41.8%) was characterized by the shortest, even M-L ratio, thin ankle and heel, the highest instep and ankle. Type 3 (33.5%) showed the longest, inward M-L ratio, thick ankle and heel, and deformed first toe. As the cross-tabulation of foot length and ball circumference, 17.2 percent was not covered by KS standard; in addition, the foot length was longer than the KS standard. The correlation analysis of key dimensions showed that foot length and ball circumference were highly correlated with other items; therefore, regression equations were derived to estimate other foot measurements using these two items as independent variables.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.77-83
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• 1999

For the purpose of investigating the factor of foot and calf growth of primary-school children who are fastgrowing during this period, a group of the 1st graders of primary-school had been the subject of this measurement in 1995 and thereafter they became the subject again in 1997 when they were the 3rd graders. Measurement was carried out in 30 items including height and weight and marthin-type measurer and Footprint were used for this measurement. As the result, in the part of calf, the measuring items of maximum calf circumference and knee circumference, and in the part of foot, the items of instep circumference, heel circumference, instep circumference, measured angle of big toe showed the highest growth. The average growth of length for 2 years appeared about 2cm and the parts of instep circumference, heel circumference had rapidly grown rather than in the part of foot circumference. Height growth of the part of toe was about 0.1 and in the factor analysis of foot measurement of 8-year and 10-year and children, the following findings appeared in both cases that height was related with the items of calf height and foot length and weight was related with calf circumference and breadth, foot circumference items.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.245-252
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• 2013

Objective: This paper analyzes the changes on stride parameters, joint angles, and trajectories of the body parts due to high heels during walking and explains the causal relationship between the changes and high heels. Background: This study aims to indicate the comprehensive gait changes by high heels on the whole body for women wearing high heels and researchers interested in high-heeled walking. Method: The experiment was designed in which two different shoe heel heights were used for walking (1cm, 9.8cm), and twelve women participated in the test. In the experiment, 35 points on the body were tracked to extract the stride parameters, joint angles, and trajectories of the body parts. Results: Double support time increased, but stride length decreased in high-heeled walking. The knee inflexed more at stance phase and the spine rotation became more severe. The trajectories of the pelvis, the trunk and the head presented outstanding fluctuations in the vertical direction. Conclusion: The double support time and the spine rotation were changed to compensate instability by high heels. Reduced range of motion of the ankle joint influenced on the stride length, the knee flexion, and fluctuations of the body parts. Application: This study can provide an insight of the gait changes by high heels through the entire body.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.23-27
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of neglected Achilles tendon rupture treated with reconstruction and augmentation with flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon using one incision technique. Materials and Methods: Between July 2006 and March 2008, eleven patients with neglected Achilles tendon rupture received surgical treatment. Through one incision technique, augmentation with auto FHL tendon transfer was performed using a Bio-Interference screw (Arthrex, Naples, FL) and followed by V-Y advancement (5 cases) or gastronemius fascial turn-down flap procedure (6 cases). After mean follow up of 20.7 months (range, 11.8-33.3 weeks), clinical outcomes were evaluated with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, 10 repetitive double heel raise test, 10 repetitive single heel raise test and subjective satisfaction. Results: The length of the gap after debridement was $5.4{\pm}2.0$ cm. The VAS improved from $4.1{\pm}0.9$ to $1.5{\pm}0.8$ at last follow up (p<0.05). The AOFAS score increased from $38.9{\pm}12.2$ to $91.5{\pm}8.9$ at last follow up (p<0.05). Eight patients were satisfied with excellent results and three were satisfied with good results. All patients were able to perform 10 repetitive double heel raise and nine out of eleven patients were able to perform 10 repetitive single heel raise at last follow up. There were no complications including deep infection or re-rupture. Conclusion: Augmentation with FHL tendon transfer and reconstruction with V-Y advancement or turn-down flap through one incision technique appeared to be effective and safe. This technique is recommendable for the treatment of neglected Achilles tendon rupture.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.19-30
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of foot orthotics on the overall comfort and muscle activity during running. The subjects were 10 members from the joggers' club which consisted of 2 women and 8 men. These individuals ran on the treadmill by 4.0m/s speed with and without the custom foot orthotics. The data concerning the overall comfort was collected by a questionairre that examined the overall comfort, heel cushioning, forefoot cushioning, medio-lateral control, arch height, heel cup fit, shoe heel width, forefoot width, and shoe length The MegaWin ver. 2.1(Mega Electronics lid, Ma. Finland) was used to gain electromyography signals of the muscle activity; Tibialis anterior, medial gastronemius, lateral gastronemius, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, and rectus femoris were measured. The results of the study were as follows. 1. During running the overall comfort was higher for the foot arthotic condition than the nonorthotic condition. Among the inquiries the overall comfort showed the biggest difference comparing the two conditions. and the shoe heel width showed the highest score for contort. 2 The muscle activity of the biceps femoris, and vastus lateralis in the stance period decreased. due to the foot orthotics. The muscle activity of the vastus medialis in the swing period also decreased and the muscle activity tibialis anterior in the stance and swing stance decreased as well During running, orthotics showed positive result in foot comfort. The foot comfort related to decreased stress, muscle activity, and foot arch strain. Overall comfort and the adequate decrease of muscle activity were associated with injury prevention and the best method to prevent injury semms to be the maintenance of foot comfort.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of aquatic walking exercise on gait and balance parameters of elderly women. Method: 15 elderly people were recruited for this study (age: 73.20±5.19 yrs, height: 153.87±3.36 cm, mass: 60.33±5.73 kg). All variables were measured using Gaitview AFA-50. The variables were the heel contact time ratio, gait angle, and M/P change ratio for gait patterns and ENV, REC, RMS, Total Length, TLC, Sway velocity, and Length/ENV for balance abilities. A paired t-test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test were carried out to verify the differences in the test scores after participating in the water walking program. The significance level for all statistical analyses was set to α=.05. Results: As for the changes in their walking function after the exercise, heel contact time ratio (p<.01) showed a statistical significance, while gait angle and M/P change ratio did not reveal statistically significant differences. In the test of balance ability on both feet and with eyes opened, statistical significance was found in ENV, REC, RMS, TLC (p<.01), and sway velocity (p<.05), while the test with eyes closed showed statistical significance in length/ENV as well as ENV, REC, RMS, sway velocity (p<.01) TLC, and total length (p<.05). As for the single-leg stance balance ability, ENV and REC revealed statistically significant differences. Conclusion: These results show that water walking is effective for improving the function of the ankle flexor muscles, providing stability to the ankle joint during walking and helping efficient walk. In addition, it is also expected to help prevent falls due to loss of balance by improving the stability of lower extremity muscles and trunk.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.83-91
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• 2008

This study was designed to figure out the changes in elderly women's foot size and shape by aging, to propose size specification for elderly women's shoes, and to produce regression equations using representative measurements items to estimate other measurements usually hard to get. Subjects were 118 women of 30-59 years and the 227 elderly women over 60 years. Martin's anthropometry was done on the right foot of each subject for 25 items. And 11 indirect measurement items were measured on both foot printing sole outline and picture in profile taken by digital camera. For statistical analysis on the anthropometric measurements by SPSS program, analysis of variance, post-hoc test(SNK-test), crosstabulation, multiple correlation analysis, regression analysis were performed. The results of the study are as follows. Firstly, it was found that the foot figures of elderly women over 60 years were smaller in girth and width than those of below 60 years. In addition, it was revealed that a big toe and a little toe of elderly women showed a tendency concentrating to the central axis of feet. The foot index of elderly was smaller in width and girth. Secondly, foot size distribution table of elderly group showed wider size ranges and covered smaller sizes than the below the age of 60, meaning wide variation in foot size of elderly women. Thirdly, the multiple correlation analysis showed high correlation of foot length/girth to other measurements, suggesting these two items could be used as representative items for elderly women's shoe size specification as other age groups. Regression equations were produced using foot length/girth to estimate other measurements, suggesting such items could be estimated effectively and utilized in on/off-line shoe manufacturing shop as heel to big toe length, heel to little toe length, exterior malleouls width, instep girth, ankle girth, etc. These results imply prudent features of elderly women's foot as diversity of foot shape and wide size specification range should be applied for ergonomic shoe design for them.

• 대한추나의학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.19-29
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• 2004

Objectives : Visual check and X-ray are commonly used by chiropractors to estimate ieg length inequality, This study have three categories: diagnosis for anatomic leg length inequality; difference between anatomic and functional leg length inequality; theraphies for anatomic or functional leg length inequality. Methods : We referred to a PubMed site by using word of 'leg length [JU] J Manipulative Physiol Ther', only items with abstracts. Results : We searched 26 articles in J Manipulative Physiol Ther with the key word-Ieg length. Conclusion : 1. Radiographs were most accurate and commonly used by chiropractors to measure anatomic leg length inequality, clinically wood block, tape measure, visual check are acceptable. 2. There was no article about difference between anatomic and functional leg length inequality. 3. Heel lift was commonly used with conservative theraphy for anatomic leg length Inequality. 4. Chiropractors have not yet proved that the supposed positive effects are a result of a reduction of subluxation, The detection of the manipulative lesion in the sacroiliac joint depends on valid and reliable tests, Because such tests have not been established, the presence of the manipulative lesion remains hypothetical. Great effort is needed to develop, establish and enforce valid and reliable test procedures.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.47-63
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• 2014

육상 및 항만 구조물 설계시 적용되고 있는 토압 이론(Rankine, Coulomb, 시행쐐기법, 개량시행쐐기법)을 정리하였고, 구조물 형태에 따라 가상배면(Vitural back, wall, plane)과 구조물 벽면에 작용하는 토압 특성 등을 제시하였다. 토압 특성을 검토하기 위해 육상구조물의 경우 배면토 경사에 따른 캔틸레버식 옹벽과 벽경사에 따른 중력식 옹벽, 해상구조물은 케이슨식 안벽과 블록식 안벽을 적용하였다. 여러 가지 토압이론을 적용하여 뒷굽 길이에 따른 토압, 작용각(벽면마찰각), 벽면측으로의 활동각 등을 분석한 결과 뒷굽이 긴 경우 가상배면에서의 작용토압은 Rankine 토압과 작용각은 지표경사각, 뒷굽이 짧은 경우 Coulomb 방법과 작용각은 벽마찰각으로 산정하는 것이 가장 합리적임을 알 수 있었다. 벽면측으로의 활동각은 Rankine 이론에 의한 활동각보다 큰 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 본 논문에서는 현재 적용되고 있는 여러 가지 토압 산정법 및 작용각 중에서 항만 구조물 설계시 적용할 수 있는 적정 토압 산정방법을 제안하였다. 제안방법은 뒷굽장단 결정과 이에 따른 적정 토압산정법을 결정하고 벽면 측으로의 활동각에 따른 옹벽자중 고려 방법을 설정하도록 하였다.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.182-186
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• 2007

Purpose: We examined the relationship of interdigital neuroma occurring site and the surrounding structures, including the deep transverse metatarsal ligament (DTML) by cadaver study and clinical results. Materials and Methods: Seventeen fresh frozen cadavers study were done to evaluate the relationship of interdigital neuroma occuring site and the DTML at two phase of the gait cycle with 60 degree of metatarsophalangeal dorsiflexion and with 15 degrees of ankle dorsiflexion. We measured the distance from interdigital nerve bifurcation of the common digital nerve to anterior margin of the DTML and longitudinal length of DTML itself. Clinically, we checked the location of interdigital neuroma and DTML length during surgery in 32 feet. Results: In the second and third web space, the mean distance from bifurcation of the common digital nerve of foot to the anterior margin of DTML was 16.7 mm, 15.1 mm in the mid-stance position, and 15.9 mm. 14.6 mm in heel-off position. Second, Third web space ligament itself length were average 12.8 mm, 10.6 mm. Clinically, all of the cases of interdigital neuroma started at the bifurcation area of the common digital nerve and interdigital neuroma was average 7.5 mm (range; 6-11 mm). Conclusion: Interdigital neuroma were located more distally than DTML in both the mid-stance and heel off stage. The main lesion was located between metatarsal head and metatarsophalangeal joint and more distal than the DTML anterior margin.