• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.525-532
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• 1997

The hoof parameters - hoof angle, toe length, heel length, hoof width, hoof length, heel width, hoof circumference - of 1372 Thoroughbred racehorses in Seoul racecourse were measured. Each parameter was compared with the racing time. The parameters were as follows: fore hoof angle $50.1{\pm}0.09^{\circ}$, hind hoof angle $50.1{\pm}0.08^{\circ}$; fore toe fength $82.8{\pm}0.21mm$, hind toe length $88.8{\pm}0.23mm$; fore heel length $28.6{\pm}0.19mm$, hind heel length $24.5{\pm}0.19mm$; fore hoof width $130.9{\pm}0.30mm$, hind hoof width $125.7{\pm}0.28mm$; fore hoof length $133.3{\pm}0.22mm$, hind hoof length $28.1{\pm}0.22mm$; fore heel width $61.2{\pm}0.32mm$, hind heel width $67.9{\p}0.35mm$; fore hoof circumference $264.2{\pm}0.48mm$, hind hoof circumference $253.8{\pm}0.40mm$. Apart from the hoof angle, the hoof parameters increased in proportion to the body weight. The parameters of forelimbs affected the racing time more than those of hindlimbs. The correlation between hoof parameters and racing time was shown more in short-distance race (1000M) than in long-distance race(2200M). The parameters that had correlation with racing time were hoof width, hoof length, heel width of forelimbs and heel width of hindlimbs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.21-27
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• 2019

PURPOSE: This study examined the changes in the kinematic variables during walking on a downhill ramp according to the shoe heel height. METHODS: The subjects were 10 adult women with no history of musculoskeletal disorders who agreed to participate in the study. Data were collected using a motion analysis system (VICON) consisting of six infrared cameras. The slope was 120 cm in width, 200 cm in length, and 15 in inclination. To confirm the change in gait parameters (stride length, gait speed) and lower extremity joint angle according to the heel heights of the shoes, flat, 5 cm, and 10 cm heel shoes were prepared and walked alternately. RESULTS: As a result, both the stride length and walking speed showed significant differences according to the heel height between flat and 10 cm (p<.05). In the sagittal plane, there was no significant difference in the hip joint and knee joint, but a significant difference was observed in all events in the ankle joint on all heel heights (p<.05). In particular, the heel strike and mid stance events showed significant differences among all height conditions (p<.05). No significant difference was observed in any of the joint angle changes in the frontal plane (p>.05). CONCLUSION: As the shoe heel height increased, the instability increased and efforts to secure the stability were made, leading to a shortened stride length, walking speed, and angle of the ankle joint.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.67-76
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• 2017

In this study, the effect of caisson heel on the active earth pressure is investigated. Using limit analysis method, inclinations of slip surface developed above the heel with different lengths are analyzed. The shorter the heel length, the larger those of inside slip surface, however those of outside slip surface are not changed. According to the relative heel length, relationships of internal friction angle of backfill material - wall friction angle between caisson structure and backfill - friction angle acting on virtual section at the end of heel are presented. Earth pressures acting against caisson structure with relatively short heel are smaller than Rankine earth pressure but always greater than Coulomb earth pressure which does not consider the heel length.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to determine which of several crutch-fitting techniques best predicts ideal crutch length. Ideal crutch length is defined as the length of the crutch, including accessories, obtained during stance when the crutch tip is 6 inches (15.2 cm) lateral and 6 inches(15.2 cm) anterior to the fifth toe and the axillary pad is 2.5 inches(6.4 cm) below the axillary fold. Forty four volunteers were measured for crutches using each of the following methods:(1) 77% of actual height, (2) actual height minus 40.6 cm, (3) actual height minus 45.7 cm, (4) olecranon to opposite third finger tip, (5) olecranon to opposite fifth finger tip, (6) 77% of arm span, (7) arm span minus 40.6 cm, (8) anterior axillary fold to heel plus 5.1 cm, (9) anterior axillary fold to heel plus 10.2 cm, (10) ideal crutch length. Of the techniques studied, the two involving anterior axillary fold to heel were found to be good predictors: anterior axillary fold to heel plus 5.1 cm and anterior axillary fold to heel plus 10.2 cm. Finally, two additional length estimates were derived using linear regression analyses. These estimates provided the best overall predictors based on anterior axillary fold to heel and actual height.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.604-615
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• 2015

The objectives of this study were to investigate whether heel height changes in the U.S. market occur in a cyclical pattern and heel heights show greater within-year variability over time. Heel height data from U.S. Vogue's spring and fall editions were analyzed over the time period 1950~2014. A total of 1581 pieces of data were measured in millimeter units using Adobe Illustrator and standardized by dividing the height of the heel by the shoe length through the curved sole line. To analyze the cycle pattern of heel heights, the yearly averages were standardized by using three-year moving average technique to average out the irregular components of time series data and give a better indication of the long-term fluctuation of heel height. To identify the degree of within-year variability of heel height, the standard deviation of the average measurements for a year was calculated, and then decade averages were drawn from the yearly averaged standard deviation. One-way ANOVA was conducted to compare the within-year variability of data in heel height over the time period studied by decade. The results showed: First, there was a trend toward higher heels from the early 1950s to 2011. Second, four cyclical movements of heel height were observed from 1950 to 2007, and heel heights gradually decreased after 2008. Third, the within-year variability significantly increased over time, especially after the 1980s.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.17-28
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• 2018

Important parameters for the stability checks of cantilever wall are the active earth pressure and the weight of soil above the heel of the base slab. If the heel length is so long enough that the shear zone bounded by the failure plane is not obstructed by the stem of the wall, the Rankine active condition is assumed to exist along the vertical plane which is located at the edge of the heel of the base slab. Then the Rankine active earth pressure equations may be theoretically used to calculate the lateral pressure on the vertical plane. However, in case of the cantilever wall with a short heel, the application of Rankine theory is not only theoretically incorrect but also makes the lateral earth pressure larger than the actual pressure and results in uneconomical design. In this study, for the cantilever wall with a short heel the limit analysis method is used to investigate the mechanism of development of the active earth pressure and then the magnitude and location of the resultants of the pressure and the weight of the soil above the heel are determined. The calculated results are compared with the existing methods for the stability check. In case of the cantilever wall with a short heel, the results by the Mohr circle method and Teng's method show max. 3.7% and 32% larger than those of the limit analysis method respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.59-72
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• 2017

In this study, the calculation method of the active earth pressure acting on the imaginary vertical plane at the end of the heel of the wall is proposed. For cantilever retaining wall, a change of shear zone behind the wall affects the earth pressure in the vertical plane at the end of heel of the wall depending on wall friction and angle of ground slope. It is very complicated to calculate the earth pressure by a limit equilibrium method (LEM) which considers angles of failure planes varying according to the heel length of the wall. So, the limit analysis method (LAM) is used for calculation of earth pressure in this study. Using the LAM, the earth pressures considering the actual slope angles of failure plane are calculated accurately, and then horizontal and vertical earth pressures are obtained from them respectively. This study results show that by decreasing the relative length of the heel, the slope angle of inward failure plane becomes larger than theoretical slope angle but the slope angle of outward failure plane does not change. And also the friction angle on the vertical plane at the end of the heel of the wall is between the ground slope angle and the wall friction angle, thereafter the active earth pressure decreases. Finally, the Coulomb earth pressure can be easily calculated from the relationship between friction angle (the ratio of vertical earth pressure to horizontal earth pressure) and relative length of the heel (the ratio of heel length to wall height).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.65 no.7
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• pp.86-100
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• 2015

This study is to investigate the relationships between heel height and macro-economic factors - recession and unemployment; and to analyze the time lags reflecting economic factors on heel height index using U.S. data. The life-history evolution theory was applied to propose the relationships studied. The data for the heel height measurements of women's shoes - pump style only - were obtained from US Vogue fashion editorial sections on spring and fall editions from 1950 to 2014. I divided the heel height by the length of the shoes in order to standardize the data. Total of 1581 samples were used, and heel height data were aggregated to create a yearly average. To explore the relationships between macro-economic factors and heel height, this study used OLS of Stata 13 program. The main findings show that unemployment rates influenced heel height for three years in a positive direction. Furthermore, the effects of unemployment rate from two years ago on the current heel height were very close to being on a significant level.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.414-422
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• 2013

This study identifies the foot shapes of elderly men by classifying foot types according to the shapes of sole of foot and analyzing individual characteristics. The subjects were 269 elderly men over 60 years of age. Their right feet were measured indirectly with a 2D scanner. The anthropometric measuring items consisted of 38 items that were estimated on the right foot of each subject. The 2D scan data were analyzed by various statistical methods such as factor analysis, ANOVA and cluster analysis using the statistical program SPSS 19.0. A total of 8 factors were extracted through a factor analysis and these factors represent 77.83% of total variance. The 8 factors were: ball and lateral foot protrusion, ball gradient, medial foot protrusion, anterior and posterior foot length ratio, lateral ball length, heel size, toes breadth, and foot length, that explained 77.83% of the total variance. A total of 4 clusters (as their sole type) were categorized using 8 factor scores by cluster analysis. Type 1 was classified as H-type(toes width, foot width, heel width uniform and medial malleolus and lateral malleolus almost no protrusion). Type 2 was classified as V-type(foot width and toes width, wide and heel width narrow). Type 3 was classified as A-type(foot width and heel width, wide but toes width narrow, protruded inside). Type 4 was classified as D-type(protruded outside).

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.159-164
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• 2018

Objective: The aims of this study were to determine the impact peak force and kinematic variables in running speed and investigate the relationship between them. Method: Thirty-nine male heel strike runners ($mean\;age=21.7{\pm}1.6y$, $mean\;mass=72.5{\pm}8.7kg$, $mean\;height=176.6{\pm}6.1cm$) were recruited in this investigation. The impact peak forces during treadmill running were assessed, and the kinematic variables were computed using three-dimensional data collected using eight infrared cameras (Oqus 300, Qualisys, Sweden). One-way analysis of variance ANOVAwas used to investigate the influence of the running speed on the parameters, and Pearson's partial correlation was used to investigate the relationship between the impact peak force and kinematic variables. Results: The running speed affected the impact peak force, stride length, stride frequency, and kinematic variables during the stride phase and the foot angle at heel contact; however, it did not affect the ankle and knee joint angles in the sagittal plane at heel contact. No significant correlation was noted between the impact peak force and kinematic variables in constantrunning speed. Conclusion: Increasing ankle and knee joint angles at heel contact may not be related to the mechanism behind reducing the impact peak force during treadmill running at constant speed.