• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.243-247
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• 1984

The effect of the heavy metals copper and cadmium on the natural populations of surface microlayer and subsurface water was investigated. Two microbiological parameters, number of colony-forming bacteria and $^{14}C-glucose$ uptake rate, were evalated. The two natural bacterial populations showed different tolerances of the heavy metals. The ingibition of bacterial growth and activity occurred more strongly in the 1m-depth samples than in neuston populations. The results support the existence of autochthonous bacterioneuston populations in marine environment.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.173-179
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• 2005

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the composition of organic acids on the bioavailability of heavy metals in the rhizosphere of corn (Zea mays L.) over 12 weeks after treatment of biosolids. After planting the plants were sampled at 12th week and analyzed for heavy metals in shoot and root and organic acids in the rhizosphere. Results showed that biomass yields of Zea mays L. grown on biosolids-treated media were significantly higher than those grown on standard media. The effect of biosolids on biomass yields of Zea mays L. was in order of Riverside ${\approx}$ Los Angeles ${\approx}$ MWRDGC > Milorganite > Nu-earth > standard media. Metal uptake by Zea mays L. was closely related with the contents contained on biosolids treated. In the plot treated with Nu-earth the uptake of Cd and Zn by shoot was significantly higher than those at the plots treated with other biosolids. The uptake patterns of Cd and Zn by root were similar to those of shoot. The uptake of Cr and Ni was significantly higher with application of Nu-earth over other biosolids. In all cases, the major organic acids in the rhizoshpere were lactic, acetic, propionic, butyric, and oxalic acids. Other organic acids were glutaric and succinic and occasionally, pyruvic and tartaric acids were also found. And the organic acid compositions did not vary significantly with the treatments of biosolids. Butyric and acetic acids were distinctively dominant both in the standard and the biosolids treatments.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.246-253
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• 1998

Heavy metal-tolerant microorganisms, such as Pseudomonas putida, P. aeruginosa, P. chlororaphis and P. stutzeri which possessed the ability to accumulate cadmium, lead, zinc and copper, respectively, were isolated from industrial wastewaters and mine wastewaters polluted with various heavy metals. The binding sites of heavy metal in the cells were investigated by chemical modification of functional groups the cell walls. To determine the binding sites of heavy metal in the cells, electrochemical charge of amine and carboxyl groups in the cell walls of heavy metal-tolerant microorganisms were chemically modified. Chemical modifications of amine groups did not affect the heavy metal uptake as compared to native cell walls. In contrast, modifications of carboxyl groups drastically decreased heavy metal uptake as compared to native cell walls, and electron microscopy confirmed that the form and structure of the heavy metal uptake were different from those of native cell walls. The results suggested that the carboxyl groups were the major sites of heavy metal uptake in the heavy metal-tolerant microorganism cell.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2013

This study was carried out to understand the long-term effects of organic waste treatments on the fate of heavy metals in soils originated from the organic wastes and consequent uptake of heavy metals by plant, together with examination of changes in soil properties and plant growth performance. In this study, the soils treated with three different organic wastes (municipal sewage sludge, alcohol fermentation processing sludge, pig manure compost) at three different rates (12.5, 25.0, 50.0 ton $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$) for 7 years (1994 - 2000) were used. To see the long-term effect, plant growth study and soil examination were conducted twice in 2000 and 2010, respectively. There was no additional treatments of organic wastes for 10 years after the organic waste treatment for 7 years. Compared to plant growth examination conducted in 2000 using radish (Raphanus sativus cv. sodamaltari), it appeared that height, root length and diameter, fresh weight of radish grown in 2010 decreased in the plots treated with municipal sewage sludge and alcohol fermentation processing sludge and that the extent of decrease was higher with increase of sludge application rates. On the other hand, pig compost treatment increased plant height, root length and diameter, fresh weight with increasing application rates. Cu and Pb concentrations in radish root and leaves increased in 2010 compared to those in 2000 while Ni concentrations in root and leaves decreased. Zn concentration was increased only in the soils treated with pig manure compost. Multiple regression analysis among heavy metal species fractions in soils, soil pH, and metal concentrations in radish root and leaves indicated that the metal uptake by radish was governed mainly by the soil pH and subsequent increase of available heavy metal fractions in soils with organic waste treatments.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.173-180
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• 1996

The contamination of the environment by heavy metals results in a serious public health problem due to the toxicity of those pollutants even at low concentrations. Microorganisms may be used to remediate wastewaters contamlialtd with heavy metals. The waste S. cerevisiae is an inexpensive readily available source of biomass for bioremediation of wastewater. S. cerevisiae was investigated for their ability to absorb Pb. The crushed biomass of S. cerevisiae exhibited higher Pb uptake capacity than the living S. cerevisiae and the sterilized S. cerevisiae. At the same metal concentration, metal uptake per unit concentration or adsorbent decreased when the biomass concentration rises. The order of the biosorption capacity of the living S. cerevisiae was Pb>Cu>Cd=Co>Cr. When S. cerevisiae was pretreated with 0.1 M NaOH, Pb uptake was increased by 150 percent and 0.1 M HC1, 0.1 M $H_2S_O4$ solutions were efficient in the desorption of Pb. The sorption equilibrium of Pb ions can be described by the Freundlich and Langmuir models.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 2002

The effect of lime on plant availability of heavy metals in soils amended with industrial sewage sludge (ISS) or pig manure compost (PMC) was investigated. A pot experiment with Altari radish (Raphanus sativus) was conducted. Industrial sewage sludge and Pig manure compost were added at 25 and 50 Mg/ha, and lime was added at 3 Mg/ha. Heavy metal contents of ISS treated soils after experiment were higher than those in control (NPK plot) and PMC treatment. Specially, the contents of copper, zinc, nickel and chromium in the 50 Mg/ha of ISS treated soils were higher 12$\sim$48 times than those in control. Copper, zinc, and nickel contents in Altari radish leaves cultivated at the ISS treated soil exceeded the critical levels of plant toxicity. Copper, zinc, and nickel contents in Altari radish loaves and roots cultivated at the ISS treated soil were reduced by the addition of lime. Copper, zinc, and nickel contents in Altari radish loaves were negatively correlated with soil pH after experiment. It concluded that liming would reduce the uptake of heavy metals by plants and be a temporary method of reclamation at the highly heavy metal accumulated soils by ISS.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.61-68
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• 2017

This study focused on evaluating the phytoextraction of heavy metals (Co, Pb, and Zn) induced by bioaugmentation of button mushroom compost (BMC) in Helianthus annuus (sunflower). When the potential ability of BMC to solubilize heavy metals was assessed in a batch experiment, the inoculation with BMC could increase more the concentrations of water-soluble Co, Pb, and Cd by 35, 25, and 45% respectively, compared to those of non-inoculated soils. BMC-assisted growth promotion and metal uptake in H. annuus was also evaluated in a pot experiment. In comparison with non-inoculated seedlings, the inoculation led to an increase in the growth of H. annuus by 27, 25, and 28% in Co-, Pb-, and Zn-contaminated soils, respectively. Moreover, enhanced accumulation of Co, Pb, and Zn in the shoot and root systems was observed in inoculated plants, where metal the translocation from root to the above-ground tissues was also found to be enhanced by the BMC. Evidently, these results suggest that the BMC could be effectively employed in enhancing the phytoextraction of Co, Pb, and Zn from contaminated soils.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.59-70
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• 2012

In this study, to select the best stabilizer for the heavy metals-contaminated soil from a smelter area during phytoremediation, a plant uptake experiment and a soil stabilization were simultaneously applied using Pteris multifida Poir. and five pre-screened stabilizers(zeolite, Mn dioxide, slag, Ca oxide, and magnetite). The extracted heavy metal was measured and compared using a 3 step sequential extraction for the soil samples. The growth rate of the plant was also evaluated. The stabilizers stabilized heavy metals in soil and reduced the extraction rate. Magnetite and calcium oxide showed better results than other stabilizers. The stabilizers enhanced the growth of the plant. All the heavy metals except for arsenic were concentrated in roots while arsenic was concentrated in leaves of the plant. It is concluded that the stabilizers can minimize the heavy metal release from the contaminated soil during phytoremediation and stimulated the growth of plant. These effects of stabilizers could compensate for some weak points of phytoremediation such as reaching of heavy metals by rainwater.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2020

Various types of amendments have been studied for heavy metal stabilization in soil. However, researches on the effect of amendments on alkali soil and their effects on the plants at various edible parts are insufficient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stabilization efficiency of heavy metals and their transfer into edible parts of food crops. Abandoned mine area was selected and 3 types of amendments (lime stone, LS; steel slag, SS; acid mine drainage sludge, AMDS) was applied with 3% (w/w). in field. After 6 month aging, Chinese cabbage (leafy), bok choy (leafy), garlic (root) and red pepper (fruit) were transplanted and cultivated. For chemical assessment, total concentration and bioavailability using Mehlich-3 solution were determined. For biological assessment, fresh weight and heavy metal uptakes were analyzed. It was revealed that AMDS reduced bioavailability most effectively, resulting in the decrease in heavy metal concentration in edible parts of all crops. When explaining the heavy metal uptake of plants, the bioavailability was more appropriate than the total contents of soil heavy metals. Therefore, bioavailability-based further research and management practices should be carried out continuously for the sustainable environment management, safe crop production, and human health risk reduction.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.653-658
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• 1998

Marine algaes are capable of binding a large quantity of heavy metals. We have investigated the uptake capacity of Pb and Cu by using 22 species of marine algae. collected from Korean coast. Among a variety of different marine algae types for biosorbent potential. Kjellmaniella crassifolia showed the highest uptake capacity of Pb. Metal uptake of Pb and Cu by Kjellmaniella crassifolia increase as the initial concentration rises, as long as binding sites are remained. The metal uptake parameters for Pb and Cu had been determined according to Langmuir and Freundlich model. By increasing pH, Pb uptake was increased and Cu uptake was constant. The maximum uptake capacity of Pb and Cu by Kjellmaniella crassifolia was 437 mg/g and 129 mg/g, respectively.