• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.86-94
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• 2009

This study analyzed the concentration of the lead in blood (n=774) from May, 2007 to Oct 2007. The subject was residents in G, Y, H industrial area, Jeollanam-do, in which exposure to the lead is expected due to the adjacency of the industrial complex. As to the lead concentration in the blood of the residents in the whole exposed region and the comparing region, $2.81{\mu}g/dl$ in the exposed region group, and $2.86{\mu}g/dl$ in the comparing region group Respectively, which indicates that the concentration of the comparing group was higher than that of the exposed group. The geometric mean concentration of lead in blood was $3.26{\mu}g/dl$ as to men, and $2.46{\mu}g/dl$ as to women, which indicates that the concentration of men is higher than that of women (p<0.01). The lead concentration for each age group increased in proportion to age except those under 10 for some substances (p<0.01). As to geometric mean concentration in blood according to the smoking history of the subject, the concentration of the smoking group and the non-smoking group was $3.57{\mu}g/dl$ and $2.66{\mu}g/dl$ respectively, which indicates the former is higher than the latter (p<0.01). To clarify the factors affecting the heavy metal concentration in blood among the subjects, the multiple regression analysis was conducted. As a result, it turned out that as to lead content in blood, gender, age, smoking all affect the lead concentration of the subjects ($R^2$=23.3%).

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.249-255
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• 2012

In this study, fosmid cloning strategies were used to assess the microbial populations in water from the International Space Station (ISS) drinking water system (henceforth referred to as Prebiocide and Tank A water samples). The goals of this study were: to compare the sensitivity of the fosmid cloning strategy with that of traditional culture-based and 16S rRNA-based approaches and to detect the widest possible spectrum of microbial populations during the water purification process. Initially, microbes could not be cultivated, and conventional PCR failed to amplify 16S rDNA fragments from these low biomass samples. Therefore, randomly primed rolling-circle amplification was used to amplify any DNA that might be present in the samples, followed by size selection by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The amplified high-molecular- weight DNA from both samples was cloned into fosmid vectors. Several hundred clones were randomly selected for sequencing, followed by Blastn/Blastx searches. Sequences encoding specific genes from Burkholderia, a species abundant in the soil and groundwater, were found in both samples. Bradyrhizobium and Mesorhizobium, which belong to rhizobia, a large community of nitrogen fixers often found in association with plant roots, were present in the Prebiocide samples. Ralstonia, which is prevalent in soils with a high heavy metal content, was detected in the Tank A samples. The detection of many unidentified sequences suggests the presence of potentially novel microbial fingerprints. The bacterial diversity detected in this pilot study using a fosmid vector approach was higher than that detected by conventional 16S rRNA gene sequencing.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.87-98
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine nutritional values of different sources of food residues(FR) released in autumn and to compare them with nutrient requirements on NRC standard feeding system of swine. Hospital or cafeteria FR contained more cooked rice and side dishes residues and less vegetable residues and fruit peel, resulting in higher energy and lower fiber contents, compared to apartment complex FR, which had opposite patterns to these results. Chemical composition between hospital and cafeteria FR was almost similar. Salt(NaCl) content was more than 9 folds of NRC swine requirement, but much lower than the maximum tolerant level. Essenial and non-essential amino acids profile was similar among FR sources. Hospital or cafeteria FR protein had a similar pepsin digestibility to soybean meal protein. Apartment complex FR protein, however, had a much lower pepsin digestibility. When NRC nutrient requirements are considered, FR in swine diets could satisfy requirements of protein and all the essential amino acids, 75${\sim}$111% of digestible or metabolizable energy, and most of the major and minor minerals. All the FR contained extremely low levels of toxic heavy metals, indicating that they are completely safe from these toxic substances. It was concluded that hospital or cafeteria FR could be a nutritionally excellent and balanced feed source for swine.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 1997

This study was aimed to observe the effects of municipal sewage sludge as nutrients on the growth of Lettuce. The effects of heavy metal components of the sludge were also observed. Municipal sewage sludge from Taejon City were treated to the soil of PaiChai University Farm in order to make gradient of nitrogen concentration in soil among 6 experimental groups. Results are as follows ;The longest leaves and roots were produced in control pot, in which urea was supplied as nitrogen source to the soil. Any other sludge-treated groups produced shorter leaves and roots than control group, but the more sewage sludge treated the longer leaves and heavier vegetables were observed. No differences were observed among from 6 experimental groups in the view of N, K, Ca and Mg contents. But P contents in leaves from 6 groups varied. Zn content of Lettuce when was 65.8 mg/kg when it grew with sludge 200%. The groups treated with sludge 200% produced the vegetables of highest Zn contents. Accumulation of Zn, Mn and Cd was more heavier in Lettuce than in Altari radish. Accumulation of Zn, Mn, Cu and Cd in lettuce was not heavier than natural contents of those in market vegetables.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.144-144
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• 2017

Micronutrients such as zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) have important roles for development and growth in plants but it also have roles in animals and humans. In previous studies, a Korean weedy rice, KH2J was selected to have tolerance to heavy metal, lead (Pb) compared with a cultivar, Milyang23. To identify QTLs for micronutrients concentration in grain, an F2 population (120 plants) were developed from a cross between KH2J and an indica rice cultivar, Milyang23. To measure the concentration of eight ions, Zn, Fe, Mn, Pb, calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As), grains were collected and digested with 65% nitric acid, and the ion contents were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. A total 27 putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected on 12 chromosomes by single point analysis and 22 putative QTLs were detected by composite interval mapping. The co-locations of QTL for Zn, Fe and Mn were observed on chromosome 5. The QTLs for Cd, Cu and Zn were co-localized on chromosome 10, and QTLs for Zn, As and Mn was on chromosome 12. The Zn concentration in F2 generation showed significant correlation with concentrations of As (r = -0.4), Cu (r = 0.5) and Fe (r = 0.2) (P < 0.01). Also, the Ca concentration was significantly related with Mn and Fe concentrations (P < 0.01). Fine mapping of these QTLs is underway to analyze their functional relationship.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.431-439
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• 2014

This research verified the usefulness and practicality of citrus peel extract as a natural dye. This study dyed cotton, silk, and cotton/mulberry fiber blended fabrics using citrus peel extract, and measured the dyeability and functional property to verify their usefulness and practicality. The dyeing affinity of the citrus peel extract was measured by dyeing under alkaline conditions to determine the temperature and time for optimal dyeing conditions of the solution. The results show that a temperature and time of $60^{\circ}C$ and 30 minutes were optimal for dyeing cotton fabrics with citrus peel extract, $50^{\circ}C$ and 60 minutes for silk fabrics, and $60^{\circ}C$ and 60 minutes for cotton/mulberry fiber blended fabrics, respectively. In addition the results of measuring the color fastness of the cotton, silk, and cotton/mulberry fiber blended fabrics dyed with the citrus peel extract show that the color fastness was superior for washing, friction, sweat, and water. However, the color fastness for sunlight appeared to be slightly weak. In addition, it was found that fabric dyed with the citrus peel extract showed partial antimicrobial properties. The antimicrobial property appeared the greatest in the silk fabric. The cotton/mulberry fiber blended fabrics had 90% or more Staphylococcus aureus present, but the antimicrobial properties were not high in the cotton fabric. Additionally, the heavy metal content, which is harmful to the human body, appeared to be lower than standard figures, so the dye was found to be innocuous to humans. Therefore, when the results of this study are put together, citrus peel extract is sufficiently useful and practical as an ingredient for a natural dye. Moreover, there is ample possibility to develop citrus peel dyed fabrics as environmentally friendly fashion materials.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.352-358
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• 2017

The object of this study is to assess physicochemical and microbiological hazards involved during the processing of shellfish products such as oysters, clam, and mussels. Samples including raw materials, intermediates, and final products in the processing process were collected from seven simple-processed shellfish facilities. In the samples obtained from the facilities, viable cell count and coliform group were detected less than that of the Korean Government guidelines. In addition, the high-risk bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella sp., and Listeria monocytogenes were not identified in raw materials and final products. However, the low-risk pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, were detected in some final products. The level of heavy metal content in the final products tested in this study meets the recommendations by the Korean Government standard guidelines. No foreign materials in the final products were also observed. Considering these results, it was concluded that no significant food hazards exists in the processing process of simple-processed shellfish products. However, it is essential to improve the food safety control in the shellfish processing facilities since S. aureus, a personal sanitary indicative bacterium, was continuously detected over seven simple-processed shellfish facilities.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.69-79
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• 1996

Primary culture of cerebellar neuronal cells derived from 8-day old Long-Evans rats was used. Pure granule cells, astrocytes or mixed cells culture systems were prepared. These cells were differentiated and developed synaptic connections. And the astrocytes were identified by immunostaining with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Methamphetamine (MAP), which acts on dopaminergic system and cadmium (Cd), a toxic heavy metal, were applied and biochemical assays and electrophysiological studies were performed. $LC_50$ values estimated by MTT assay of MAP and Cd were 3 mM and 2$\mu M$ respectively. Cells were treated with 1 mM or 2 mM MAP and 1$\mu M$ $CdCl_2$ for 48 hour, and the incubation media were analyzed for the content of released LDH. MAP (2 mM) and Cd significantly increased the LDH release. Cell viability was decreased in both groups and some cytopathological changes like cell swelling or vacuolization were seen. The cerebellar granule cells were used for measuring membrane currents using whole-cell clamp technique. Sodium and potassium currents were not affected by MAP neither Cd, but calcium current was significantly reduced by Cd but not affected by MAP. Therefore, in vitro neurotoxicity test system using neuronaI cells and astrocytes cultures were established and can be used in screening of potential neurotoxic chemicals.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.331-339
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• 2008

The effects of heat and formaldehyde treatments of soybean meal and rapeseed meal on ruminal release of minerals from the meals were studied on three sheep fitted with rumen cannula. Oilseed meals were treated at 133, $143^{\circ}C$ for 3h or added with formaldehyde at a level of 3, 5g/kg. The ruminal release of P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe and Zn from the oilseed meals was examined using the nylon bag technique. Effective degradabilities of minerals in the oilseed meals were reduced by both treatments. The results suggest that rumen bypass treatments of oilseed meals prevent the release of minerals from the meals during rumen digestion and suppress the availability of mineals for ruminants. Eventually, the increase of heavy metal pollution in soil is anticipated due to the increase of mineral content in the feces of ruminants by ruminal protein bypass treatments.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.623-633
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• 2017

Food waste has been recognized as a organic sources for composting and many research was conducted to efficiently utilize or treat. This study was to evaluate a feasibility for producing food waste compost under co-composting with mixture of food and animal waste. The mixing ratio of food and animal waste was 35% as main material, which additionally mixed 30% of sawdust for co-composting. Total days of composting experiment were 84 days and each sub samples were collected at every 7 days from starting of composting. Results showed that inner temperature in composting was rapidly increased to $70{\pm}4^{\circ}C$ within 3~5 days depending on mixing animal waste of cattle, pig, and chicken base compared to sole food waste base. Expecially, the CN ratio in the mixture of food and pig water was the highest (16.2) among compost. After finishing composting experiment, maturity was evaluated with solvita and germination test. Maturity index (MI) of the mixture of food and animal waste was ranged between 6~7, but was 3 in sole food waste. Calculated germination index (GI) was at the range of about 100 irrespectively of mixing of food and animal waste. However, NaCl content and heavy metal as Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents was increased in the mixture of food and animal waste. which was the highest in compost mixed the food and pig waste. Both MI and GI showed that manufactured fertilizer was suitable for fertilizer criteria while sole food waste was not adequate for composting due to composting periods. Overall, mixing the food and animal waste can be utilized for improving compost maturity, but more research should be conducted to make high quality of food waste compost with animal waste in agricultural fields.