• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.123-133
• /
• 1993

Shingal reservoir is a relatively small (211ha) and shallow impoundment, and approximately 25 ha of its sediment is exposed after spring drawdown. At least 14 vascular p13n1 species germinate on the exposed sediment, but Persimria vulgaris Webb et Moq. quickly dominates the vegetation. In order to estimate the role of the vegetation in the dynamics of heavy metal pollutants in the reservoir, Cu concentration of water, fallout particles, exposed sediment, and tissues of p. vulgaris, Ivas analyzed. Cu content in reservoir water decreased from $13.10mg/m^2$ on May 15 (before dralvdown) to $3.08mg/m^2$ in June 1 (after drawdown), mainly due to the loiwering of water level. Average atmospheric deposition of Cu by fallout particles was $10.84 {\mu}g/m^2/day$. Cu content in the surface 15cm of exposed sediment decreased from $5.094g1m^2$ right after drawdown, to $0.530g/m^2$ in 41 days, which is a 89.6% decrease. Therefore up to 99.7% of Cu in the reservoir appears to exist in the sediment. only 0.3% in water If the rate of atmospheric Input by fallout particles is assumed to have been the same since 1958, when the reservoir was completed, cumulative input of Cu during the 38 years would have been $150.35mg/m^2$, which is only 3.0% of Cu content in sediment right after drawdown. Therefore, most of Cu in the Shingal reservoir must have been transported by the Shingal-chun flowing into the reservoir, Standing crop of vegetation on the exposed sediment 41 days after drawdown was $730.67g/m^2$, of which 630.91g/m2 was p. vulgaris alone, and Cu content in P vulgaris at this time was $6.612mg/m^2$. This was only 0.13% of Cu in the exposed sediment, but was 50.5% of Cu in water before drawdown, or 167% of the average annual input of Cu by atmospheric deposition. If other plants were assumed to absorb Cu to the same concentration as p. vulgaris, total amount of Cu absorbed in 41 days by vegetation on the exposed sediment is estimated to be 1913.3 g, which is a considerable contribution to the purification of the reservoir water.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.29-29
• /
• 1993

Shingal reservoir is a relatively small (211ha) and shallow impoundment, and approximately 25 ha of its sediment is exposed after spring drawdown. At least 14 vascular p13n1 species germinate on the exposed sediment, but Persimria vulgaris Webb et Moq. quickly dominates the vegetation. In order to estimate the role of the vegetation in the dynamics of heavy metal pollutants in the reservoir, Cu concentration of water, fallout particles, exposed sediment, and tissues of p. vulgaris, Ivas analyzed. Cu content in reservoir water decreased from $13.10mg/m^2$ on May 15 (before dralvdown) to $3.08mg/m^2$ in June 1 (after drawdown), mainly due to the loiwering of water level. Average atmospheric deposition of Cu by fallout particles was $10.84 {\mu}g/m^2/day$. Cu content in the surface 15cm of exposed sediment decreased from $5.094g1m^2$ right after drawdown, to $0.530g/m^2$ in 41 days, which is a 89.6% decrease. Therefore up to 99.7% of Cu in the reservoir appears to exist in the sediment. only 0.3% in water If the rate of atmospheric Input by fallout particles is assumed to have been the same since 1958, when the reservoir was completed, cumulative input of Cu during the 38 years would have been $150.35mg/m^2$, which is only 3.0% of Cu content in sediment right after drawdown. Therefore, most of Cu in the Shingal reservoir must have been transported by the Shingal-chun flowing into the reservoir, Standing crop of vegetation on the exposed sediment 41 days after drawdown was $730.67g/m^2$, of which 630.91g/m2 was p. vulgaris alone, and Cu content in P vulgaris at this time was $6.612mg/m^2$. This was only 0.13% of Cu in the exposed sediment, but was 50.5% of Cu in water before drawdown, or 167% of the average annual input of Cu by atmospheric deposition. If other plants were assumed to absorb Cu to the same concentration as p. vulgaris, total amount of Cu absorbed in 41 days by vegetation on the exposed sediment is estimated to be 1913.3 g, which is a considerable contribution to the purification of the reservoir water.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.399-403
• /
• 1997

Changes of nutrient material and natural supplies by sediment of irrigation water into 1.0ha of paddy field during the rice cultivation were investigated. TSS of the sediment contained irrigation water ranged 52.9${\sim}$125.6mg/L and content of organic matter showed 1.89${\sim}$2.33%. Content of T-N, $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ were 623.5${\sim}$1775.2, 22.9${\sim}$75.8 and 10.2${\sim}$72.1mg/kg respectively. Content of T-P and ortho-P were 186.7${\sim}$375.7 and 12.4${\sim}$38.9mg/kg respectively. The content of exchangeable canons, $Ca^{++},\;Mg^{++}\;Na^+\;and\;K^+$ were 435.3${\sim}$737.5, 127.3${\sim}$204.2, 36.6${\sim}$94.9 and 105.6${\sim}$232.9mg/kg respectively. Total content of heavy metals were 13.4 of Pb, 0.6 of Cd, 8.2 of Ni, 12.1 of Cu, 29.8 of Zn and 19.7mg/kg of Cr. During the period of rice cultivation, when supplied 4,250m^3 of an irrigation water into 1.0ha of paddy field, natural supplied 346.01kg of sediment, 7.11kg of organic matter, 0.50kg of T-N, 0.02㎏ of NH_4-N, 0.01kg of NO_3-N, 0.08kg of T-P and 0.01㎏ of Ortho-P. Also exchangeable $Ca^{++},\;Mg^{++}\;Na^+\;and\;K^+$ were supplied 0.21, 0.06, 0.02 and 0.06kg respectively. Loaded of the total heavy metal showed natural background level.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.723-732
• /
• 2020

The spent RHDS (Residue HydroDeSulfurization) catalyst is deactivated mainly by deposition of various contaminants such as coke, sulfur and vanadium on the surface of catalyst. To eliminate those contaminants, the following remanufacturing process was conducted. The first, heavy oil on the surface of the spent RHDS catalyst was removed by kerosene and dehydrated. The second, the high temperature incineration was carried out to eliminate coke and sulfur components deposited on the surface of spent RHDS catalyst. The third, the excessive quantity of Vanadium deposited on the surface of catalyst was removed by leaching process as follows: ultrasonic agitation was carried out at 50℃, for 10 seconds with 0.5% and 1% oxalic acid solution. The purpose of this process is to find out regenerated RHDS catalyst can be used as SCR catalyst for NOx reduction by controlling the vanadium residual content of the regenerated RHDS catalyst through leaching process. The composition of regenerated RHDS catalyst was analyzed by XRF and the NOx reduction efficiency was also measured by continuous catalytic fixed bed reactor. As the result, regenerated catalyst, with 0.5% oxalic acid, ultrasonic agitation in 10 seconds, showed the most stable NOx reduction efficiency. Also, in comparison with commercial SCR catalyst, the NOx reduction performance of regenerated catalyst was similar to that of commercial SCR catalyst at the temperature 375℃ and higher whereas was lower than commercial SCR catalyst at the temperature range between 200~250℃. Therefore, it was confirmed that the regenerated catalyst as powder form wash coated on the surface of metal corrugated substrate can be used for commercial SCR catalyst.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 1996

The contents of heavy metals in soil near the Janghang smelter area were observed to understand present status and relationship between their fraction and the absorption by rice. The soil samples were taken from the eight sites of the paddy fields in 1982 and 1990, and analysis on heavy metals including Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb was performed. The results were as follows: Total contents of heavy metals in the samples of 1990 were higher than those of 1982. The order of increasing ratio was Cu > Zn > Pb > Cd and the variation of Cd content by sequential differente extracting was residual > exchangeable > dilute acid-extractable fractions and its increasing range was from 38 to 71% during nine years. The ratio of immobile heavy metals bound within an oxide or silicate matrix of Fe-Mn oxide bound and residual in surface soil was that Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were 31.65, 42.22, 76.57 and 79.49%, respectively, and their mobile ratios of exchangeable, dilute acid-extractable and organically bound were more than 20.28%. Those of mobile Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were 68.35, 55.78, 23.43 and 20.28%, respectively. Correlation between the heavy metal contents in surface soil and those in tissue of rice plant, such as leaf blade, leaf sheath, stem and panicle axis, were significant, but were not significant in subsurface soil. The dilute acid-extractable and organically bound fractions of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in surface soil were more significantly correlated with those in tissues of paddy rice.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.92-100
• /
• 2005

This study was conducted to find suitable methods for screening organic resources useful for compost. Twenty-seven industrial and domestic sludges were collected from various cities and industrial areas. Contents of organic matters in the sludges were in the range of 79.3-98.0%, and the contents were much higher than the regulation level (60%) for raw materials of compost. Contents of total nitrogen were in the range of 0.8-2.6%. Contents of Fe and Al were very high. Content of HEM was highest in textile sludge ($257mg\;kg^{-1}$) and the contents in the others were in the range of $12.6-90.3mg\;kg^{-1}$. Content of PAHs was lowest in food sludge ($739.1{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$ and pulp-mill sludge had the highest PAHs content ($3461.8{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$). $Microtox^{(R)}$ $EC_{50}$ values were higher in the sludges which were classified as a possible material in composting after analysis and investigation. Lettuce root elongation and $EC_{50}$ values were relatively lower in pulp-mill sludge, sewage sludge 3 (Large city), food sludge and leather sludge. Therefore, mineral nutrients, heavy metals, organic compounds (HEM, PAHs, PCBs), and bioassay ($Microtox^{(R)}$ $EC_{50}$, Relative root elongation test) are recommended to be included in the screening system of raw material of compost in addition to the current regulation with organic matter and 8 heavy metals.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.43 no.8
• /
• pp.1248-1256
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of behind $SO_2$ formation and elevated cause of reducing power in purple bamboo salt (PBS) along with an analysis of physicochemical properties, content of sulfur compounds, oxidation reduction potential (ORP), mineral contents of salt type (MSS, mudflat solar salt; BS, bamboo salt), and addition of raw bamboo (RB). $SO_2$ content of 630 ppm was detected in PBS. $SO_2$ was not detected in MSS, BS, or RB, whereas $SO_2$ (782 ppm) from $K_2SO_4$ was detected after heating a NaCl, KCl, $MgCl_2$, $MgSO_4$, MgO, $CaCl_2$, $K_2SO_4$, and $FeSO_4$ with RB. $SO_2$ content of BS increased with baking time, and it originated from BSRB1 (13.88 ppm) to BSRB4 (109.13 ppm). $SO_3{^{2-}}$ originated only from MSSRB4 and BSRB2~BSRB4. Sulfate ion content decreased along with increasing $SO_2$ and sulfite ion contents. ORP increased with baking time of MSS and BS, and it was present at higher levels in BSRB4 (-211.40 mV) of BS than MSS. Insoluble content was higher in BS than MSS. Further, Ca, K, and Mg ion contents decreased in MSS and increased in BS with baking time. BSRB4 had 1.4 fold higher levels of Ca, 1.5 fold higher levels of Mg, and 1.8 fold higher levels of K than BS. Li, Al, Mn, Fe, and Sr in MSS as well as Al, Fe, and Ni in BS increased with baking time. Anions (Cl, $NO_3$, and Br) and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, and As) between MSS and BS were not significantly different. These results suggest that the reducing power of BS was due to $SO_2$ and sulfite ion. To increase the amounts of these compounds and reducing power, higher melting temperature and longer baking time are necessary along with BS, which is created by the addition of RB to roasted salt.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.41 no.4
• /
• pp.539-549
• /
• 2012

In order to acquire basic data on the development of squid processing food, we investigated changes in the composition of boiled squid upon heat treatment ($100^{\circ}C$), acid treatment (acetic acid, 0~5%), and pre-boiling ($55^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$). The proximate composition of squid was 73~78% moisture and 19~24% crude protein, treatment with acid solution had a significant effect on the proximate composition of boiled squid (p<0.05). The major free sugars were ribose and glucose in all treatment samples. The $55^{\circ}C$ pre-boiled sample had lower levels of glucose than the other samples. The total free sugar content of the non-peeled sample was the highest, followed by the $80^{\circ}C$ pre-boiled sample, whereas the sugar content in the $55^{\circ}C$ pre-boiled sample was very low. With regards to amino acid content, proline was the highest in all samples, followed by taurine and histidine. Treatment with acid solution had a significant effect on the total free amino content of boiled squid (p<0.05). The total free amino acid content of the $55^{\circ}C$ pre-boiled sample was the highest, followed by the $80^{\circ}C$ pre-boiled sample and non-peeled sample. Inosine and related compounds were not detected in any of the samples, and the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content was low. The hypoxanthine contents of the $55^{\circ}C$ and $80^{\circ}C$ pre-boiled samples were the highest, the adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and inosine monophosphate (IMP) contents were similar, and the IMP content of the non-peeled sample was higher than those of the peeled samples. The palmitic acid content was very high and constituted 40% of total saturated fatty acids. eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contents were also high and constituted 60% of total unsaturated fatty acids. Of these, DHA content was the highest, followed by palmitic acid and EPA, which accounted for about 85% of total fatty acids. No difference in fatty acid content was observed between acid treatment and pre-boiling. The mineral P content was the highest on average in all boiled squid samples, followed by K, Na, Mg, and Ca contents. In addition, the pre-boiling temperature and acid solution concentration had significant effects on the mineral content. Further, heavy metal, Cd, Pb, and As contents were detected only at trace amounts, and their levels were lower than standard and permissible amounts for food.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2012

The objective of this study was to investigate the sanitary and nutritional requirements for the industrialization of commercial kwamegi from Pacific herring Clupea pallasii (CK-PH). The proximate composition of CK-PH was 46.4-47.2% moisture, 24.7-25.6% crude protein, 23.6-25.2% crude lipid, and 2.5-2.9% ash, which differed significantly from that of commercial kwamegi from the Pacific saury Cololabis saira. According to the volatile basic nitrogen content, heavy metal content, and viable cell and coliform group counts, products K and F (prepared by a general process) maintained their freshness, whereas product T (treated with green tea extract) did not. Products K and F contained five types of biogenic amine: agmatine sulfate (2,596 and 2,067 mg/kg, respectively), putrescine dihydrochloride (8.5 and 8.0 mg/kg, respectively), cadaverine (3.7 and 3.9 mg/kg, respectively), histamine (17.0 and 12.4 mg/kg, respectively), and spermidine (8.7 and 8.0 mg/kg, respectively). Product T contained six amine types: tyramine (12.5 mg/kg), agmatine sulfate (2,723 mg/kg), putrescine dihydrochloride (29.4 mg/kg), cadaverine (321.6 mg/kg), histamine (45.3 mg/kg), and spermidine (13.6 mg/kg). The total amino acid content of product K (22.16/100g) was 5.8% lower than that of product F. The major amino acids of products K and F were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine, and lysine. No difference was found in the fatty acid composition of products K and F. The major fatty acids in products K and F were 18:1n-9, 20:5n-3, and 22:6n-3. Based on the recommended daily dietary allowances for Koreans, the significant minerals in products K and F were calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.36 no.5
• /
• pp.651-656
• /
• 2007

Fish-frames which are left after obtaining fillets or muscle during fish processing, consist of useful food components such as muscle, collagen, calcium, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This study was carried out to prepare snack using flatfish frame and also to elucidate food component characterization of the snack. The results of heavy metal and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) content suggested that flatfish frame was a suitable material for preparing snack. The optimal addition ratio of flatfish frame to mix was 3% for preparing snack according to the results of VBN content, water activity and sensory evaluation. The major fatty acids of the snack with 3% flatfish frame (SFF) were 16:0 and 18:0 as saturates, 18:1n-9+7 as monoenes, and 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 as polyenes, while EPA and DHA were contained in small amount SFF. Total amino acid content (9,281.9 mg/100 g) of the SFF was higher than that of the snack without flatfish frame (7,791.3 mg/100 g) and the major amino acids were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline and leucine. The calcium and phosphorus contents of SFF were 492.3 mg/100 g and 270.3 mg/100 g, respectively. The Ca/P of SFA was 1.82 which is a good ratio for the absorption of calcium. The SFF was superior in total amino acid, calcium and phosphorus contents compared to the snack without flatfish frame.