• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.85-98
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• 2009

1. Objective The object of this study was to understand the clinical characteristics of the Taeeumin Symptomatic Pattem. 2. Methods The patients visiting the department of Sasang Constitution of Traditional Korean Medicine clinic from June to November of 2008 were used in this study. Those who showed a favorable turn after over ten days of medication and who showed up for at least two follow-up sessions were chosen among first-time visitors. Of these, 75 patients identified and verified to be of the TE type were chosen for the study sample. The Taeeumin were verified into two groups according to clinical symptoms into Exterior Cold Disease and Interior Heat Disease groups, of which the Interior Heat Disease group was further subdivided into the Galgeun-medicament group and the Cheongshimyeonja-tang group, based on questionnaire results. The Exterior Cold Disease group was set as the control group in order to contrast and compare it with the study group, the Interior Heat Disease group. 3. Results and Conclusions The questionnaire items shown to differentiate the Exterior Cold Symptomatic Patterm and the Interior Heat Symptomaic Pattern (indicating Heat-affceted Liver Symptomatic Pattern) were related to "dryness of stool," "dark urine colorm," "dryness of nose," and "dryness of lips." The items shown to differentiate the Galgeun-medicament group and the Cheongshimyeonja-tang group (of the Dry - Heat Symptomatic Pattern) were related to "nausea," "stifling sensations and palptation," "disturbed sleep," and "dizziness." Therefore, the sleep pattern, palpitation, dizziness, and nausea can be said to be indicators of the Interior Heat Symptomatic Pattern, and Dry-Heat symptoms are better distinctions between the Chongshimyeonja-tang group and the Galgeun-medicament group than Heat-affected Liver symptoms.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.283-292
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• 2015

Objectives: The study aimed to test the validity and reliability of the questionnaire for cold-heat & deficiency-excess pattern identification of dementia and establish a new version of the questionnaire. Methods: Mean, standard deviation, skewness, internal consistency, correlation and t-test of the 26 items derived from previous study was analyzed in 20 dementia patients. The items with Cronbach-${\alpha}$ coefficient below 0.7 were modified. Thus, we established a new version of the questionnaire consisting of 20 items. Results: Cronbach-${\alpha}$ of each cold, heat, deficiency and excess questionnaire was 0.662, -0.229, 0.722 and 0.778, respectively. The correlation coefficient between cold, heat, deficiency and excess was less than 0.4 and correlation coefficient between dementia and cold, deficiency was 0.518. On t-test, the t-value of cold, deficiency and dementia was -2.196. Conclusions: The results indicated that cold-heat, deficiency-excess questionnaires showed satisfactory discriminant validity. In addition, there was correlation between dementia and cold, deficiency. Finally, we established a new version of the questionnaire for cold-heat, deficiency-excess pattern identification that consisted of 20 items.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.116-123
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• 2016

This study was performed to develop questionnaire of cold-heat pattern identification(PI) based on usual symptoms for general people, and we analyzed reliability of the questionnaire. We reviewed cold-heat PI questionnaire of advanced research and selected twenty-three items through three time experts meeting. Three hundred and fifty nine healthy subjects were joined in this study. As a results, Cronbach's α of cold-heat PI questionnaire was 0.79 and 0.83. According to the factor analysis about fifteen-chosen cold-heat PI questionnaires, each cold-heat consisted of two factors and each Convergence was 56.46% and 65.93%. Intra-class Correlation Coefficient was 0.67-0.83. Based on the median of samples of primary source, we classified subjects into four category as Cold, Heat, No Cold-Heat, and Cold-heat complex. We examined agreement of diagnosis and coefficient of kappa, and agreement rate of diagnosis was 64.2%, and coefficient of kappa was 0.51. Based on research result, we expect that validity study about questionnaire of cold-heat PI based on usual symptoms will be continued, and hope to be used as subsidiary diagnosis in clinical practice.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.180-193
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• 2008

Objectives: We intended to identify factors related to the severity of hot flush of climacteric women from an East-West medical point of view. Methods: We surveyed 446 climacteric women who had received Korean oriental medical questionnaires about clinical symptom patterns and health medical examinations at Kyung-Hee University Medical Center over 1 year, from June 2007 to May 2008. Then, we compared hot flush with clinical symptom pattern and health medical examination result. Results: As the severity of hot flush increased, hypnagogic disorder in sleep pattern, abdominal gaseous distention in digestion pattern, tenesmus in evacuation pattern, yellow or reddish urine in voiding pattern, spontaneous sweating in sweating pattern, chest oppression in psychologic pattern, not-pulling-bedclothes in cold-heat pattern and mouth dryness in craniocervical symptom increased (p<0.05). In relation to digestion pattern, the severity of hot flush showed statistical significance according to prevalence of gastritis diagnosed by gastroscopy and upper GI series(p<0.01). In relation to voiding pattern, the severity of hot flush showed statistical significance according to prevalence of urine protein diagnosed by urinalysis (p<0.05). In relation to sweating, psychologic & cold-heat pattern, triiodothyronine (T3) increase and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) decrease were significantly correlated as the severity of hot flush increased (p<0.01). Conclusions: The result showed that hot flush of climacteric women had to be considered in respect of digestion disorder related to gastritis and sweating psychologic cold-heat disorder related to thyroid hormone.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.53-61
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• 1993

One of the most interesting and promising steel groups considered for the rocket motor case, aircraft and aerospace component is the maraging(martensitic plus aging) nickel steel, developed by International Nickel Company in 1960. This material attains a very high strength with good fracture toughness by simple heat treatments which do not involve a quenching. Full strength can be obtained by "maraging" at 480.deg. for 3 hours for the 18% Ni maraging steel. The effect of heat treatments was considered on the residual stress field of 18% Ni maraging steel weldments. In experiments, various heat treatments such as stress relieve heat treatment, aging and solution heat treatment were carried out of the GTA weldments and the residual stresses were measured by using the hole drilling method. Whereas the conventional pattern of residual stress shows the stresses to be maximum along the weld centerline with tensile stress extending into the heat affected zone, the pattern in maraging steels shows the centerline stress to be compressive. After welding, a series of aging, solution heat treatment and solution heat treatment plus aging treatment were carried out and the residual stresses were measured to reveal that these heat treatments almost completely remove the welding residual stresses.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.183-192
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• 1996

This paper presents a numerical model of the optimal operation pattern of the CHP system built for duel-purpose of power generation and district heat production. The model can be differently formulated in accordance with the view of planner: society, electric utility or district-heating company. Here, the operation pattern of the system components and the effect of heat price are of major interest in the study. From the case study, it was found that the optimal use of auxiliary heating equipment is very important to achieve the minimum societal cost. And, the multi-step heat pricing scheme is desirable to induce the voluntary behavior of both companies towards the societal optimal pattern.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.41-51
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• 2008

Objective : To observe the efficacy and safety of CheungYeolYiSeup-tang and Hwangbaek external dressings on dampness-heat pattern atopic dermatitis(AD) in a non-comparative study. Methods : 10 patients with AD were included for 4 weeks of treatment. Efficacy and safety assessment included the scoring atopic dermatitis index(SCORAD), typical signs and symptoms of AD, results of some laboratory tests related to toxicity, and the incidence of adverse events. Results : Improvements in efficacy parameters were observed and produced no significant changes in laboratory tests related to toxicity in these patients. Their SCORAD results significantly decreased after 4weeks(P value<.01, according to the Wilcoxon sum of ranks test). Similarly, significant reductions from baseline in subjective pruritus scores and (P value<.05 by the Wilcoxon sum of ranks test) and the mean average of individual signs and symptoms of AD were reported after 4 weeks(P value<.05, P<0.01 by the Wilcoxon sum of ranks test). There were no significant changes in eosinophil, neutrophil, lymphocyte, immunoglobulin E and ESR in blood serum by paired ttest. Conclusion :CheungYeolYiSeup-tang administration and Hwangbaek external dressings are an effective and safe treatment for the management of dampness-heat pattern atopic dermatitis.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.376-386
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• 2017

Objectives This case study is about a Taeeumin patient with Parkinson's disease identified as Dry-heat (Joyeol) pattern. In this study, we report significant improvement of motor and non-motor symptoms of this patient after Sasang constitutional medicine treatment. Methods The patient was identified as Taeeumin Dry-heat pattern and treated with Cheongsimyeonja-tang and acupuncture. The Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale(UPDRS) was used to assess the overall function of the patient. And the Global Assessment Scale (GAS) was used to assess the change of bradykinesia, tremor and dry mouth after the treatment. Results The UPDRS total score decreased from 145 points to 77 points after 5 weeks treatment. And symptoms of bradykinesia, tremor and dry mouth showed significant improvement in GAS after the treatment. Furthermore, constipation, sleep disturbance, dysuresia and anorexia were reported to be improved after treatment. Conclusions This study shows that Sasang constitutional medicine can be effective treatment for motor and non-motor symptoms caused by Parkinson's disease.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.274-287
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was aimed to figure out an agreement between the diagnosis of nasal endoscopy and a preexisting questionnaire focusing on Cold-Heat pattern. Methods: 52 patients with cough who met the criteria filled out a pattern questionnaire and the examiner looked at their nasal cavities through nasal endoscopy. According to the checked questionnaire results, the subjects were identified by 6 patterns. After examining subject's mucous membrane of oropharynx and nasal cavity through nasal endoscopy, we classified each to the Cold or Heat group. Correlation between questionnaire and nasal endoscopy results was analyzed. Results: In diagnosing Cold-Heat, there was no significant difference by McNemar test (p=0.227) between nasal endoscopy and the questionnaire, and the two methods agreed moderately (${\kappa}=0.428$). The color of mucous membrane of oropharynx and the Cold-Heat pattern on questionnaire agreed slightly (${\kappa}=0.133$). The color of mucous membrane of nasal cavity and the Cold-Heat pattern on questionnaire agreed fairly (${\kappa}=0.384$). In the patients with cough related to upper respiratory tract, they got higher diagnosis accuracy than the patients with cough related to lower respiratory tract did. Similarly, external cough patients got higher diagnosis accuracy than internal cough patients did. Conclusions: To identify Cold or Heat, examining oropharynx and nasal cavity using nasal endoscopy is a meaningful method in patients with cough, showing that two diagnosis methods which use nasal endoscopy and questionnaire agreed moderately. Especially, it is more useful diagnosing patients with cough related to the upper respiratory tract than diagnosing the patients with cough related to the lower respiratory tract.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.110-120
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• 2014

Objectives : We performed a clinical study to investigate autonomic conditions in persistent allergic rhinitis depending on various pattern identifications and the availability of heart rate variability (HRV) as a pattern identification diagnostic tool. Methods : 32 patients with persistent allergic rhinitis were asked to interview with doctor of Korean Medicine and perform the four pattern questionnaires (Cold-Heat Pattern, Phlegm Pattern, Yin Deficiency pattern, bloodstasis pattern). Then, they were examined their autonomic conditions with heart rate variability test. Results : Patients were classified as three pattern groups (Lung-stomach heat, Lung qi deficiency cold, Lung-spleen qi deficiency) by doctor. In the Lung qi deficiency cold group, Total power of the HRV (TP) and the power of the low frequency component (LF) significantly higher than in the Lung-stomach heat or Lung-spleen qi deficiency group (P < 0.05). Also, Patients were classified as 8 pattern groups (Cold/Heat, Phlegm/Non-phlegm, Yin deficiency/Non-yin deficiency, Bloodstasis/Non-bloodstasis) by four pattern questionnaires. Only in the Yin deficiency group, the power of the low frequency component (LF) significantly lower than in the Non-yin deficiency group (P < 0.05). There were not any significant differences in the rest groups. Conclusions : The result may provide that HRV doesn't reflect well the differences in the various pattern groups, and the HRV's availability is low. Continuous studies are needed to develop the objective and standardized pattern identification diagnostic tool for allergic rhinitis.