• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.399-402
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• 2000

Very little information is known on the canning of fishery products by vacuum pack. In this paper, some fundamental process conditions for the canning of fishery products were investigated. Moisture-controlled mackerel pike, shrimp and oyster were packed in lacquered cans with spice and additives. After sealing, pressure of the cans were reduced by do-aeration through specially designed gas-tight silicone rubber plug previously attacked to the lid. On this investigation, vacuum can prior to thermal processing were set up to 15, 30, 45 and 60 cmHg, The higher vacuum in cans showed the more quick heat transfer in thermal processing. tinder 60 cmHg vacuum, the heat transfer was more quick than that of the conventional water packed products, Under 15 cmHg, however, the heat transfer was markedly increased by air which acted as an insulator in conductive heat transfer. These results demonstrated that high vacuum was essential secure for the heat processing in vacuum pack.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.149-156
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• 2009

Purpose：The hamstring muscle has an important role in standing, walking and other functions related to daily living. Most people with Cerebral Palsy(CP) have muscle tightness, especially in the hamstring, which may cause abnormal alignment in the lower extremities. To investigate an effective treatment for hamstring muscle tightness by observing the effects of heat pack or Soft tissue mobilization(STM) on hamstring muscles. Methods：Thirteen-two volunteers with CP aged between 9 and 13 years($M\pmSD$: $11\pm1.46$), were recruited and divided into four groups of four: (1) the STM for people with Spastic CP group, (2) the heat pack(HP) for people with Spastic CP group, (3) the STM for people with Mixd CP group, and (4) the heat pack for people with Mixed CP group. All received treatment three times per week for six weeks. A inclinometer was used to measure for hip flexion & knee extension joint range motion(ROM). Results：The ROM of hip flexion & knee extension were improved at the STM and HP for people with Spastic CP groups. The ROM and hip flexion were improved at the STM and HP for people with Mixed CP groups. The amount of increase ROM are differenced by the types of CP. Conculusion：STM and heat pack, both are effective for people with CP especially for Spastic CP.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of the superficial heat therapy on the cutaneous blood flow and the skin temperature at pre-auricular region. Two types of the superficial heat therapy-moist hot pack & infrared lamp- were applied to 20 healthy subjects(male: 10, female: 10). For each subject, the two parameters of cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature were measured before and after heat therapy, using laser doppler flowmetry(LDF). The author analyzed the differences of the effects between the two therapies and also characteristics of responsiveness between the two parameters. The results were as follows : 1. The two parameters were significantly increased after both superficial heat therapies. 2. Skin temperature showed a maximum peak immediately after both superficial heat therapies, but cutaneous blood flow showed a maximum peak 4 minutes after both superficial heat therapies. 3. Increased cutaneous blood flow after application of moist hot pack lasted longer than infrared lamp. 4. Increased skin temperature after both superficial heat therapies lasted for 60 minutes, but increased skin temperature after infrared lamp decreased more rapidly than moist hot pack. 5. Amount of changes in cutaneous blood flow after infrared lamp was larger in female than in male, but no significant gender difference was found since 20 minutes after infrared lamp. Both moist hot pack and infrared lamp showed favorable effectiveness in raising cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature. Moist hot pack was slightly superior in maintaining this effect.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.172-180
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to observe the heat transfer process in in-vivo human muscle based on Proton Resonance Frequency(PRF) method in Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI). MRI was obtained to measure the temperature variation according to the heat transfer in phantom and in-vivo human calf muscle. A phantom(2% agarose gel) was used in this experiment. MR temperature measurement was compared with the direct temperature measurement using a T-type thermocouple. After heating agarose gel to more than 5$0^{\circ}C$ in boiling hot water, raw data were acquired every 3 minutes during one hour cooling period for a phantom case. For human study heat was forced to deliver into volunteer's calf muscle using hot pack. Reference data were once acquired before a hot pack emits heat and raw data were acquired every 2 minutes during 30minutes. Acquired raw data were reconstructed to phase-difference images with reference image to observe the temperature change. Phase-difference of the phantom was linearly proportional to the temperature change in the range of 34.2$^{\circ}C$ and 50.2$^{\circ}C$. Temperature resolution was 0.0457 radian /$^{\circ}C$(0.0038 ppm/$^{\circ}C$) in phantom case. In vivo-case, mean phase-difference in near region from the hot pack is smaller than that in far region. Different temperature distribution was observed in proportion to a distance from heat source.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.505-509
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• 2013

This study has investigated the effect of isometric contractile force and muscle activity applying sperficial heat according to the time from the biceps brachii muscle. In this study, 20 university students participants without musculoskeletal and neurological disorders. By applying a hot pack 5min, 10min, 20min and 30min respectively. After that measurement are skin temperature, contractile force and muscle activity. Skin temperature of the hot 5 min applied that rapidly changing. Increasing the time it takes to apply a variance has been reduced(p<.001). Isometric contractile force was not statistically significant but highest when applying the hot pack 5 minutes and lowest when applying the hot pack 30 minutes(p<.001). Muscle activity and median frequency was highest when applying the hot pack 5 minutes. To analyze the above results, it was found that isometric contractile force and muscle activity changed according to the applying time. These result lead us to the conclusion that this study will be more evidence for changes in muscle contraction to apply hot pack on clinic.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.408-414
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• 2018

Given that lithium-ion batteries are expected to be used as power sources for electric and hybrid vehicles, thermodynamics experimentation and prediction based on experimental data were performed. Thermal, electrochemical, and electrochemical/electrical-thermal models were used for accurate battery modeling. Various applications of different battery packs were demonstrated, and thermal analysis was performed using the same experimental conditions for square and rectangular battery packs. Accurate thermal analysis for a single cell should be prioritized to determine the thermal behavior of the battery pack. The energy balance equation, which contains heat generation and heat transfer factors, defines the thermal behavior of the battery pack. By comparing battery packs of different shapes tested under the same condition, this study revealed that the rectangular battery pack is superior to the square battery pack in terms of the maximum temperature of inner cells and temperature variation between cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 1995

A theoretical model which combines gaseous transport and solid state diffusion was used to study aluminide coating process by pack cementation. The aluminide coatings were applied in the high activity pack containing $NH_4Cl$ activator with Ni substrate under argon atmosphere. On the basis of the process conditions, the suggested model allows the surface composition, the growth rate of coating layers and the aluminium concentration profiles in coatings to be calculated. In the case of $NH_4Cl$ activator, careful consideration was required in the analysis, because activator contains nitrogen and hydrogen as well as halogen element to activate the pack. A good agreement is obtained between the theoretical predictions and the experimental results.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.101-108
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• 2014

The battery pack in this research consists of dozens of a small battery for energy storage. And this battery pack charges and discharges repeatedly at high capacity (25 ~ 50 V, 25 ~ 100 A). The high temperature which can be generated in this process has a bad effect to the lifetime and efficiency of batteries. Moreover these factors are related with maintenance cost. Therefore, we need to assess the thermal performance of the battery pack in advance using the experimental or numerical analysis. In this research, we analyzed voltage and surface temperature of one cell battery to calculate heat transfer using the numerical analysis. And the temperature of the battery surfaces and inside of the pack was also analyzed. As a result, we found out the appropriate pack structure which stacked five modules.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.489-497
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• 2020

The Li-ion battery is considered to be one of the potential power sources for electric vehicles. In fact, the efficiency, reliability, and cycle life of Li-ion batteries are highly influenced by their thermal conditions. Therefore, a novel thermal management system is highly required to simultaneously achieve high performance and long life of the battery pack. Basically, thermal modeling is a key issue for the novel thermal management of Li-ion battery systems. In this paper, as a basic study for battery thermal modeling, temperature distributions inside the simple Li-ion battery pack (comprises of nine 18650 Li-ion batteries) under a 1C discharging condition were investigated using measurement and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation approaches. The heat flux boundary conditions of battery cells for the CFD thermal analysis of battery pack were provided by the measurement of single battery cell temperature. The temperature distribution inside the battery pack were compared at six monitoring locations. Results show that the accurate estimation of heat flux at the surface of single cylindrical battery is paramount to the prediction of temperature distributions inside the Li-ion battery under various discharging conditions (C-rates). It is considered that the research approach for the estimation of temperature distribution used in this study can be used as a basic tool to understand the thermal behavior of Li-ion battery pack for the construction of effective battery thermal management systems.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.19-28
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to asses and compare the effects of superficial heating on the pain threshold at limbs in healthy adult and adult hemiplegia. We used hot pack for superficial heat and applied to healthy adult(n=12) and adult hemiplegia(n=12) on lumbar region. Pain treshold was quantatively measured by an electrical stimulator and measured before hot pack application, immediatly and post 30 minutes after hot pack application on the distal parts of limbs(styloid process of radius, medial malleoulus of tibia). The results were as follows 1) A statically significant defference in pain treshold were not found at limbs of healthy adult and adult hemiplegia that have an affected side and a non-affected side before hot pack application, immediatly and post 30 minutes after hot pack apllication(p>0.05). 2) In comparance of pain threshold of upper and lower limbs in the all subjects, pain threshold was significantly increase at lower limbs(p<0.01). 3) In comparance of pain threshold of limbs between healthy adult and adult hemiplegia, pain threshold was showed a significant defferance at the upper and lower limbs of affected side before hot pack application(p<0.05, p<0.01).