• Title/Summary/Keyword: Heat Indicator

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Partial Characterization and Purification of Enterocin K25 Linked to the Plasmid in Enterococcus sp. K25

  • Moon, Gi-Seong;Kim, Wang-June
    • Food Science and Biotechnology
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    • v.14 no.5
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    • pp.581-585
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    • 2005
  • The antimicrobial activity of partially purified enterocin K25, produced by Enterococcus sp. K25, was abolished by proteases such as pepsin and proteinase K. The bacteriocin was resistant to heat treatment at $75^{\circ}C$ for 15 min and lost 75% of its activity at $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. Enterocin K25 showed bactericidal mode of action against an indicator strain, Lactobacillus plantarum NCDO 955. Enterocin K25 was purified to 112.6-fold purity via conventional steps of ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The molecular mass of the purified enterocin K25 was estimated as 4.3 kDa on an electrophoresis gel. Plasmid (${\sim}6.5\;kb$) linkage of production of enterocin K25 was confirmed by plasmid curing.

Correlative Changes between Photosynthetic Activities and Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Wheat Chloroplasts Exposed to High Temperature

  • Young-Nam Hong
    • Journal of Plant Biology
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    • v.37 no.1
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    • pp.37-42
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    • 1994
  • Correlative changes between photosynthetic O2 exchange rates and room temperature Chl fluorescence were investigated in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) chloroplasts treated with high temperature for 5 min. With increasing treatment temperature, photosynthetic O2 evolution rate mediated by PSII was decreased, showing 50% inhibition at 38$^{\circ}C$ (I50). But PSI activity measured by O2 uptake rates was stimulated as a function of increasing temperature. Dark level fluorescence (Fo)-temperature (T) analysis showed that fluorescence rising temperature (Tr), critical temperature (Tc), and peak temperature (Tp) was 38, 43, and 52$^{\circ}C$, respectively. Quenching analysis of Chl fluorescence showed that both the oxidized fraction of plastoquinone (qQ) and degree of thylakoid membrane energization (qNP) increased up to 4$0^{\circ}C$ and then declined dramatically. These results suggest that Tr is correlated with temperature showing a 50% of inhibition of photosynthesis and under mild high temperature stress, qNP is worth regarding as indicator for heat-induced damage of photosynthesis.

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Distribution of Indicator Organisms and Influence of Storage Temperature and Period in Commercial Animal Foods (시판 동물성 식품의 오염지표세균 분포 및 저장온도, 기간별 오염지표세균의 변화)

  • 이용욱;박석기
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.430-440
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    • 1998
  • The average number of total viable counts for the commercial pork tested was 19/g, coliform 1.8/g, psychrophilic bacteria 15/g, heterotrophic bacteria 12/g, fecal streptococcus 6.2/100 g, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 13/100 g and none of heat-resistant bacteria and Staphylococcus was detected. That for the commercial beef tested was 130/g, coliform 5.2/g, psychrophile 140/g, heterotroph 28/g, Staphylococcus 1.2/g, fecal streptococcus 9.5/100 g, Pseud. aeruginosa 1.9/100 g and heat-resistant bacteria was not detected. That for the commercial chicken tested was 8800/g, coliform 53/g, psychrophile 4600/g, heterotroph 4700/g, fecal streptococcus 9.9/100 g, Pseudo aeruginosa 2.5/100 g. That for milk was 4700/ml, psychrophile 120/ml, heterotroph 420/ml and the others were not detected. That for the commercial cheese was 3.2/g, psychrophile 2.3/g, heterotroph 1.6/g, Staphylococcus l/g, fecal streptococcus 9.1/g. That for fermented milk was $10^{7}/ml$, heatresistant bacteria $10^{6}/ml$, fecal streptococcus 2400/100 ml, lactobacillus $3.2{\times}10^{15}/ml$, in accordance with lactic acid bacteria and the others were not detected. There was not detected any indicator organisms from ham, sausage, butter, eggs and quails in the commercial fooods tested. SPC, coliform, psychrophile and heterotroph in commercial meats stored at $10^{\circ}C$ were increased rapidly as time goes on but heat-resistant bacteria, staphylococcus, fecal streptococcus and Pseudo aeruginosa were constant. At $20^{\circ}C$, SPC, coliform, psychrophile, heterotroph and fecal streptococcus were the highest at 7 days and heat-resistant bacteria, staphylococcus and Pseudo aeruginosa were increased a little. At $30^{\circ}C$, all indicators were increased rapidly for 3 and 7 days and then decreased rapidly. All indicator organisms were increased at the level of 10/g for 14 days in meat products stored at $10^{\circ}C$, but SPC, psychrophile and heterotroph in meat products stored at $20^{\circ}C$ were increased at the level of $lO^5/g$. It showed that the indicators in meat products stored at $30^{\circ}C$ had a tendency to increase at the level of $10^{2}/g$ relative to those stored at $20^{\circ}C$. SPC, psychrophile and heterotroph in milk stored at $10^{\circ}C$ increased up to the level of $10^4/ml$, but coliform, staphylococcus, fecal streptococcus and Pseudo aeruginosa were not detected. As stored at $20^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$, they were increased rapidly for 1 or 3 days and then constant for a long time.

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Study on the Basic Pulse Indicators for Pattern Identifications in Stroke (중풍환자의 변증에 사용되는 맥진 지표에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Jung-Sup;Ko, Mi-Mi;Kang, Byoung-Kab;Kim, So-Yeon;Kim, Jeong-Cheol;Oh, Dal-Seok;Lee, In;Kim, Yun-Sik;Bang, Ok-Sun
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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    • v.23 no.5
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    • pp.964-968
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    • 2009
  • The purpose of this study is to select the major pulse indicators and evaluate their significance in discriminating the subtypes of Pattern Identifications (PI) from stroke patients. Decision tree analysis was carried out using clinical data collected from 835 stroke patients with the same subtypes diagnosed identically by two experts with more than 3 year clinical experiences. Among the 10 pulse indicators, 6 major pulse indicators (slow, rapid, strong, weak, slippery, and fine pulse) were selected by decision tree analysis. The accumulated distributions of six pulse indicators in each PI showed that strong was major pulse indicator in Fire-Heat pattern, slippery in Dampness Phlegm pattern, weak in Qi Deficiency pattern. But there were two major combinations in Yin deficiency pattern, weak or fine with rapid pulse and weak or fine without rapid pulse. Therefore, it is suggested that 6 pulse indicators can be used for discrimination of PI in stroke patients, though the combination studies between these pulse indicators and the other PI indicators are left for further study.

Definition, Role and Method of Yinyang Pattern Differentiation (음양변증(陰陽辨證)의 정의와 기능 및 판별방법 연구)

  • Chi, Gyoo-yong;Park, Shin-hyung
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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    • v.35 no.2
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    • pp.47-55
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    • 2021
  • In order to ensure the fact that eight principle pattern differentiation is used clinically as a basic guideline for Korean medicine practice, the definition, role and method of yin-yang pattern differentiation with its case report were explored at first. Yinyang Pattern Differentiation is a method of discriminating human tendencies or morbidity based on the yin and yang characteristics expressed in living bodies. And yin and yang are the two contrasting characteristics and aspects of the interaction when certain physical conditions that have a lasting effect on the human physiological metabolic function are correlated with the morbidity. Specific methods of yinyang pattern differentiation can be divided into several types of yin and yang indicators. First, time and space factors like day and night, hot and cold seasons, above and below, topographical districts. Second, colors and pulse and their/or relative clearness and muddiness, hardness and softness, moving and resting. Third, diagnose yin and yang patterns through distinguishing the true and false of a fever and cold in an emergency phase such as increase of brain pressure and shock state. Fourth, general characteristics of the propensity and constitution of a subject such as body type, speech, behavior, and physiological metabolism. And for clinical use, these were summarized again as a symptom indicators of physical signs and color, pulse, tongue and questionnaire indicators of propensity, body type, and space-time characteristics. Conclusively, it was confirmed that yinyang pattern differentiation has its own diagnostic significance which is distinct from exterior-interior, cold-heat and deficiency-excess pattern differentiation.

Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) System (Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell 시스템의 환경 전과정평가)

  • KIM, HYOUNGSEOK;HONG, SEOKJIN;HUR, TAK
    • Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.111-116
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    • 2018
  • The environmental impacts of a 1 kW polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system are quantitatively assessed by performing a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study. A PEMFC system produces electricity and heat simultaneously, so an appropriate allocation of associated inputs and outputs is performed between the electricity and heat produced. The environmental impacts of the PEMFC system on the impact categories such as global warming (GW), abiotic depletion (AD), acidification (AC), and eutrophication (EU) are assessed from the life cycle impact assessment. The impact indicator results of the impact assessment on these impact categories are obtained as $3.70E-01kg\;CO_2\;eq./kWh$, 1.86E-03 kg Sb eq./kWh, $4.09E-04kg\;SO_2\;eq./kWh$, and $1.88E-05kg\;PO_4{^{3-}}/kWh$, respectively. For all impact categories studied the most influential stage is the operation stage, which accounts for 98.8%, 98.7%, 70.3%, and 62.3% of the total impact on GW, AD, AC, and EU, respectively. For the impact categories of AD, AC, and EU, most of the environmental impacts during the operation stage is attributed to the production of city gas. However, for the impact category of GW, $CO_2$ emission from the reforming process of city gas is the main reason for the largest contribution of the operation stage to the total impact results.

A Study for Reduction of Combustion Noise in Diesel Engine by Wiebe's Combustion Function (Wiebe 燃燒函數에 의한 디이젤機關 의 燃燒騷音低減 에 관한 硏究)

  • 이성노;궁본등;촌산정;노상순
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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    • v.9 no.5
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    • pp.548-554
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    • 1985
  • This research is to find a means of reducing diesel engine combustion noise with none or minimum sacrifice of engine performance by investigating the influence of Cylinder Pressure Level(CPL). For this purpose, modified Wiebe's combustion function, considering the heat release curve as a combustion of both premixed and diffusive combustion portion, was exclusively used to obtain the indicator diagram and computer coeds were developed for the numerical analysis. Following are the results of this research. (1) CPL increases almostly with lag of ignition timing increasing .alpha. and decreasing. theta.$_{d}$, but at the crank angle with the maximal efficiency, CPL is independent of .alpha. and .theta.$_{d}$ with constant value of 200 dB especially at the low frequency. (2) For the constant ignition timing, the effects of .alpha. and .theta.$_{d}$ on CPL were the most significant at the frequency of about 1KHz and 300Hz respectively. (3) For the constant value of .alpha. and .theta.$_{d}$, CPL increases linearly with load but thermal efficiency increase very rapidly with maximum value of load Q$_{T}$=30-40 MJ/Kmol, then starts to decrease slowly. (4) The most effective way of reducing combustion noise without sacrificing thermal efficiency, is to decrease .alpha.. In the case of constant .alpha., there always exists a optimum value of .theta.$_{d}$ with respect to the various compression ratio.o..atio.o..

Developing a Multi-Functional Smart Down Jacket Utilizing Solar Light and Evaluating the Thermal Properties of the Prototype (태양광을 활용한 스마트 다운재킷 개발 및 보온성능 평가)

  • Yi, Kyonghwa;Kim, Keumwha
    • Journal of Fashion Business
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    • v.19 no.4
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    • pp.92-108
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    • 2015
  • This study aimed at developing a down jacket prototype that utilized sunlight as an alternative energy source with no air pollution. The jacket is filled with flexible solar panels and has a heat-generating function and LED function. In this study, three smart down jacket prototypes were developed, and the jacket's capabilities were demonstrated through the thermal effect on the performance test. The typical output voltage of the flexible solar panels was 6.4V. By connecting the 2 solar cell modules in series, the final output voltage was 12.8V. A battery charge regulator module was used the KA 7809 (TO-220) of 9V. Three heating pads were to be inserted into the belly of the jacket as direct thermal heating elements, and the LED module was configured, separated by a flash and an indicator. The smart down jacket was designed to prevent damage to the down pack without the individual devices' interfering with the human body's motion. Because this study provides insulation from extreme cold with a purpose, the jacket was tested for heat insulation properties of non-heating, heating on the back, heating on the abdomen, and heating on both the back and abdomen in a sitting posture in a static state. Thermal property analysis results from examining the average skin temperature, core temperature, and the temperature and humidity within clothing showed, that placing a heating element in one place was more effective than distributing the heating elements in different locations. Heating on the back was the most effective for maintaining optimal skin temperature, core temperature, and humidity, whereas heating on the abdomen was not effective for maintaining optimal skin temperature, core temperature, or humidity within clothing because of the gap between the jacket and the body.

A Study on the Leakage Evaluation for Power Plant Valve Using Infrared Thermography Method (적외선열화상에 의한 발전용 밸브 누설명가 연구)

  • Lee, Sang-Guk
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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    • v.30 no.2
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    • pp.110-115
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    • 2010
  • This study was conducted to estimate the feasibility using thermal image measurement that is applicable to internal leak diagnosis for the power plant valve. Abnormal heating of valve surface associated with high temperature steam f10w toward valve outlet side in the condition of low temperature is a primary indicator of leakage problems in high temperature and pressure valves. Thermal imaging enables to see the invisible thermal radiation that may portend impending damage before their condition becomes critical. When steam flow in valve outlet side in the condition of low temperature is converted into heat transmitted through the valve body due to the internal leakage in valve. The existence of abnormally increasable leakage rate in the valve will result in abnormally high levels of heat to be generated that can be quickly identified with a thermal image avoiding energy loss or damage of valve component. From the experimental results, it was suggested that the thermal image measurement could be an effective way to precisely diagnose and evaluate internal leak situation of valve.

Selection of Pear Trees Free from Pear Black Leaf Spot Disease and Resistant Test for Pear Tree Cultivars (배나무잎검은점병 무독수의 선발 및 품종 저항성)

  • Oh, Jung Hwan;Nam, Ki Woong;Mizutani, Fusao
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.43-47
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    • 2001
  • This study was conducted to investigate the integrated control strategy against pear black leaf spot disease. Using indicator plant PS-95 we selected six virus-free trees (cv. Niitaka) from commercial orchards in the major pear production area. Disease symptom by pear black leaf spot in the shoot of pear (Niitaka) has been successfully inhibited by heat treatments for 3 weeks at temperature of $40^{\circ}C$ (day) and $32^{\circ}C$ (night) or 4 weeks at $37^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. However, survival rate of the shoot tips on stocks was low. Seven cultivars Niitaka, Imamura- aki, Waseaka, Nijisseiki, Wasenijisseiki, Shinsetsu and Whangkeumbae produced visible symptoms in the first year after inoculation with the virus. Other 11 selections remained symptomless. Two resistant cultivars Suwhangbae and Gamcheonbae were selected, which showed high fruit quality. It is recommended that these cultivars could be top-grafted onto the infected Niitaka trees to overcome the damage caused by the disease in the orchard.

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