• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.1097-1105
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• 2017

This study examined how much chicken meat was in sausage made with pork. Both real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and internal standard addition were used. Fifty ng of chicken DNA was added to the sausages as an internal standard. The addition of standard DNA increased the amplification efficiency of PCR and confirmed the possibility of quantitative analysis. A QIAamp DNA Micro Kit was used to improve the DNA recovery and amplification efficiency. The density of template DNA and primer were suitable for $3.0{\sim}5.0{\mu}L$ and $0.5{\mu}L$, respectively. Each DNA of pig and chicken was diluted in 10-fold from steps 50 ng to 0.05 ng. The detection limit of both pig and chicken meat was more than 0.05 ng and the correlation coefficient of the standard curve was at least 0.98. The result of the quantitative analysis after heat treatment of 3 samples of pigs and chickens mixed at 70:30 showed a 5.7% difference (64.3:35.7) between the expected value and measured value. The quantitative value was changed by affecting the DNA according to the heat treatment ($70^{\circ}C$, 10 min). An analysis of the pork and chicken content in sausages showed that it was difficult to detect chicken meat and the quantitative value of DNA according to the Ct value was very low. On the other hand, when adding standard material (50 ng of chicken DNA) to the sausages, the Ct value decreased gradually with increasing chicken mixing ratio. Thus, the mixing ratio of chicken in sausages could be estimated.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.14-14
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• 2011

W (tungsten)-alloys will be the most promising plasma facing armor materials in highly loaded plasma interactive components of the next step fusion reactors due to its high melting point, high sputtering resistance and low deuterium/tritium retention. The bonding technology of tungsten to Cu alloy was one of the key issues. In this paper, W/CuCrZr diffusion bonding has been performed successfully by inserting pure metal interlay. The joint microstructure, interfacial elements migration and phase composition were analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRD, and the joint shear strength and micro-hardness were investigated. The mock-ups were fabricated successfully with diffusion bonding and the cladding technology respectively, and the high heat flux test and thermal fatigue test were carried out under actively cooling condition. When Ni foil was used for the bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, two reaction layers, Ni4W and Ni(W) layer, appeared between the tungsten and Ni interlayer with the optimized condition. Even though Ni4W is hard and brittle, and the strength of the joint was oppositely increased (217 MPa) due primarily to extremely small thicknesses (2~3 ${\mu}m$). When Ti foil was selected as the interlayer, the Ti foil diffused quickly with Cu and was transformed into liquid phase at $1,000^{\circ}C$. Almost all of the liquid was extruded out of the interface zone under bonding pressure, and an extremely thin residual layer (1~2 ${\mu}m$) of the liquid phase was retained between the tungsten and CuCrZr, which shear strength exceeded 160 MPa. When Ni/Ti/Ni multiple interlayers were used for bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, a large number of intermetallic compound ($Ni_4W/NiTi_2/NiTi/Ni_3T$) were formed for the interdiffusion among W, Ni and Ti. Therefore, the shear strength of the joint was low and just about 85 MPa. The residual stresses in the clad samples with flat, arc, rectangle and trapezoid interface were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The simulation results show that the flat clad sample was subjected maximum residual stress at the edge of the interface, which could be cracked at the edge and propagated along the interface. As for the rectangle and trapezoid interface, the residual stresses of the interface were lower than that of the flat interface, and the interface of the arc clad sample have lowest residual stress and all of the residual stress with arc interface were divided into different grooved zones, so the probabilities of cracking and propagation were lower than other interfaces. The residual stresses of the mock-ups under high heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The tungsten of the flat interfaces was subjected to tensile stresses (positive $S_x$), and the CuCrZr was subjected to compressive stresses (negative $S_x$). If the interface have a little microcrack, the tungsten of joint was more liable to propagate than the CuCrZr due to the brittle of the tungsten. However, when the flat interface was substituted by arc interfaces, the periodical residual stresses in the joining region were either released or formed a stress field prohibiting the growth or nucleation of the interfacial cracks. Thermal fatigue tests were performed on the mock-ups of flat and arc interface under the heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ with the cooling water velocity of 10 m/s. After thermal cycle experiments, a large number of microcracks appeared at the tungsten substrate due to large radial tensile stress on the flat mock-up. The defects would largely affect the heat transfer capability and the structure reliability of the mock-up. As for the arc mock-up, even though some microcracks were found at the interface of the regions, all microcracks with arc interface were divided into different arc-grooved zones, so the propagation of microcracks is difficult.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 2014

The long term integrity of concrete cask is very important for spent nuclear fuel dry storage system. However, there are serious concerns about early deterioration of concrete cask from creaking and corrosion of reinforcing steel by chloride ion because the cask is usually located in seaside, expecially by combined deterioration such as chloride ion and heat, carbonation. This study is to investigate the relation between temperature and chloride ion diffusion of concrete. Immersion tests using 3.5% NaCl solution that were controlled in four level of temperature, i.e. 20, 40, 65, and $90^{\circ}C$, were conducted for four months. The chloride ion diffusion coefficient of concrete was predicted based on the results of profiles of Cl- ion concentration with the depth direction of concrete specimens using the method of potentiometric titration by $AgNO_3$. Test results indicate that the diffusion coefficient of chloride ion increases remarkably with increasing temperature, and there was a linear relation between the natural logarithm values of the diffusion coefficients and the reciprocal of the temperature from the Arrhenius plots. Activation energy of concrete in this study was about 46.6 (W/C = 40%), 41.7 (W/C = 50%), 30.7 (W/C = 60%) kJ/mol under a temperature of up to $90^{\circ}C$, and concrete with lower water-cement ratio has a tendency towards having higher temperature dependency.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.47-60
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• 1999

Traditional oriental medicines have been used for treatment of various kinds of human cancers for long times and some of them proven to be effective clinically. However, the pharmacological actions and mechanisms related to cancer treatment are generally unknown. In an effort to clarify the action mechanisms of several oriental medicines used for cancer treatments, we planned this experimental procedures. We selected Cordyceps sinensis (冬蟲下草), Punellae Herba (夏枯草), Rehmanniae Radix (熟地黃), Paeoniae Radix (白芍藥), Oldenlandiae Herba (白花蛇舌草), Partulaceae Herba (馬齒? ), Scdopendra subspinipes mutilans (蜈蚣), Mylabris Phalerara (班蟄), Phellinus igniarius(桑黃), Ganodermae Lignum(靈芝) for evaluation, which have been used for patients of gastric cancers. The twenty grams of medicines were boiled in 100ml of water for 1 hour and filtered with $0.2\;{\mu}m$ pore-sized filter unit to remove insoluble particles. Initially we evaluated the effects oriental medicines on growth inhibition in stomach cancer cells. The gastric cancer cell line, AGS, was cultured in RPMI 1640 supplemented with l0% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum and treated with $10{\mu}l$ oriental medicines per 1ml of medium up to 48 hours. The specimens were subjected to MTT assay for evaluation of growth inhibition. We found mat Mylabris phalerata (班蟄) markedly suppressed the growth of cancer cells as shown in results. Next, we checked the effects of oriental medicines on cancer on cell cycles and apptosis. Mylabrls phalerata (班蟄) inhibited cell cycle progression of cancer cells a compared with control cells and cells treated with other medicines. In addition, Mylabri phalerata (班蟄) induced apoptosis in 30-40% of stomch cancer cells within 24 hours. Other oriental medicines used for this experiments did not show apoptosis-inducing effects on cancer cells. Finally, we determined the expression levels of genes associated with cell cycle and apoptosis. The expressions of Bcl-2 and bcl-XL were downregulated by the treatment of Mylabris phalerata (班蟄). However, the expression levels of genes related to cell cycles were not altered significantly. In conclusion, we found that Mylabris phalerata (班蟄) has in vivo gowth-inhibiting and apptosis-inducing effects on stomach cancer cells. However, we think that at least animal experiments are necessay for evduations.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.51-59
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• 2005

Overexpression of HSP25 delayed cell growth, increased the level of $p21^{waf}$, reduced the levels of cyclin D1, cylcin A and cdc2, and induced radioresistance in L929 cells. We demonstrated that extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) and MAP kinase/ERK kinase (MEK) expressions as well as their activation (phospho-forms) were inhibited by hsp25 overexpression. To confirm the relationship between ERK1/2 and hsp25-mediated radioresistance, ERK1 or ERK2 cDNA was transiently transfected into the hsp25 overexpressed cells and their radioresistance was examined. HSP25-mediated radioresistance was abolished by overexpression of ERK2, but not by overexpression of ERK1. Alteration of cell cycle distribution and cell cycle related protein expressions (cyclin D, cyclin A and cdc2) by hsp25 overexpression were also recovered by ERK2 cDNA transfection. Increase in Bc1-2 protein by hsp25 gene transfection was also reduced by subsequent ERK2 cDNA-transfection. In addition, HSP25 overexpression reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene. Increased activation of NF-kB (IkB degradation) was also found in hsp25-overexpressed cells. Moreover, transfection of hsp25 antisense gene abrogated all the HSP25-mediated phenomena. To further elucidate the exact relationship between MnSOD induction and NF-kB activation, dominant negative $I-kB\alpha(I-kB\alpha-DN)$ construction was transfected to HSP25 overexpressed cells. $I-kB\alpha-DN$ inhibited HSP25 mediated MnSOD gene expression. In addition, HSP25 mediated radioresistance was blocked by $I-kB\alpha-DN$ transfection. Blockage of MnSOD with antisense oligonucleotides in HSP25 overexpressed cells, prevented apoptosis and returned the ERK1/2 activation to the control level. From the above results, we suggest for the first time that reduced oxidative damage by HSP25 was due to MnSOD-mediated down regulation of ERK1/2.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.113-135
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics reflected in the 2015 revised home economics curriculum for the key competencies presented in the OECD education 2030 project. The results indicate that first, in general, about 46.5% of the competencies could be classified into the skill, attitude and value category; 17% into the learning concept framework category; 24.2% into the competency development cycle category; and 12.5% into the complex competency category. Overall, the competencies of the OECD learning framework are found to be reflected primarily in the achievement standards(59%), followed by characteristics(16.1%), teaching-learning and assessments orientation(9.4%), content system(8%), and goals(7.6%). Second, the key competencies were reflected in the middle school curriculum, more often in the descending order of action, problem-solving, communication, respect, creative thinking, conflict resolution, empathy, critical thinking, self-regulation, and student agency. In the high school curriculum, the competencies were reflected more often in the descending order of action, empathy, problem-solving, anticipation, global competence, self-regulation, student agency, literacy for sustainable development, reflection, and critical thinking. Third, the heat map shows that the competencies corresponding to the third and fourth levels are most frequently reflected in the curriculum. Therefore, it is advisable to develop effective plans to execute and support the reflection of key competencies in the curriculum. Through this study, home economics educators are expected to understand the inter-connectivity between the key competencies emphasized by the OECD learning framework and the competencies of home economics as a practical subject, and to scrutinize how to help individual students develop their overall competencies and be prepared for the future.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.304-311
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to change plant growth according to the light quantity of LED light source and to standardize plant factories technology according to the optimal LED light range. Growth was relatively stable at the 1,400 lx and 1,600 lx intensities, and growth continued with increasing light intensity, but growth slowed down with growth without leaves (Ed- I don't understand). The growth characteristics at 400 lx to 800 lx were sustained to some extent during the experimental period, but the growth of the larvae was maintained until the 7th day and the growth of leaves was not developed. From 1,000 lx to 1,400 lx, brightness, leaf growth and daily growth increased, and the growth cycle exhibited a repeating cycle of growth and slowdown. In addition, 1,600 lx and 1,800 lx showed similar growth to that at 1,400 lx, but leaf growth was high. However, at 1,800 lx, the growth was slightly higher than at 1,400lx and it slowed down over time. In addition, the stronger the light, the higher the temperature around the plant and the greater the dryness of the leaves due to the heat emitted from the light source.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.52-56
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• 2002

Tin oxide was coated on graphite particle by sol-gel method and an electrode with this material having microcrystalline structure for lithium ion battery was obtained by heat treatment in the range $400-600^{\circ}C$. The content of tin oxide was controlled within the range of $2.25wt\%\~11.1wt\%$. The discharge capacity increased with the content of tin oxide and also initial irreversible capacity increased. The discharge capacity of tin oxide electrode showed more than 350 mAh/g at the initial cycle and 300 mAh/g after the 30th cycle in propylene carbonate(PC) based electrolyte whereas graphite electrode without surface modification showed 140 mAh/g. When the charge and discharge rate was changed from C/5 to C/2, The discharge capacity of tin oxide and graphite electrode showed $92\%\;and\;77\%$ of initial capacity, respectively. It has been considered that such an enhancement of electrode characteristics was caused because lithium $oxide(Li_2O)$ passive film formed from the reaction between tin oxide and lithium ion prevented the exfoliation of graphite electrode and also reduced tin enhanced the electrical conduction between graphite particles to improve the current distribution of electrode.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.64-69
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• 2006

Cathode materials of Al-doped $Li(Ni_{1/3}Co_{1/3}Mn_{1/3-x}Al_x)O_2$ (x=0.0, 0.005, 0.01 0.05) for lithium ion batteries were synthesized with ultra-sonic spray pyrolysis method and single-step heat treatment. No secondary phases were found in all synthesized powders. The intensity ratio of $I_{003}\;to\;I_{104}$, however, slightly decreased and the particle size increased with the Al contents. The cells with bare, 0.5 and 1.0 at% Al-doped powders showed the initial discharge capacities of 182, 180 and $184mAhg^{-1}$ in a voltage range of $3.0\sim4.5V$ at 1C rate, and the capacity retentions of 81, 77 and 78% at the end of 30 cycles, respectively. But in the voltage range of $3.0\sim4.6V$, the Al-doping significantly enhanced the cycle stability. For example, the discharge capacity after 50 cycles was maintained to 70% in the 0.5 at% Al-doped sample compared to only 30% in no doped sample. The improvement of the cycle stability was thought to be due to $Mn^{3+}$ ion decrease as the Al doping from the XPS analysis results.

• Clean Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.440-445
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• 2012

15 carbon footprint product (CFP) schemes, including Korea Carbon Footprint Label, UK Carbon Trust's Carbon Reduction Label and Japan CFP are implemented in the world. A CFP describes green house gases (GHGs) emissions emitted throughout product's life cycle and is intended to reduce GHGs emissions by labeling a CFP result on product. This study calculates Korea, UK and Japan CFP result of vacuum cleaner, detergent, packagin material in order to analyze the Korea, UK and Japan CFP standards. Our results demonstrate significant differences among then calculated results because of criteria, emission factors, etc. Therefore, there are many difficulties in providing various CFP results and the international standard and guidelines for product category are needed.