• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국태양에너지학회 2012년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.188-193
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• 2012

Recently, the nanofluid which is stably dispersing or suspending of nanoparticles in the conventional heat transfer fluids (HTF) such as water and ethylene glycol has attracted significant interests as a solar thermal energy absorbing medium because they have excellent absorption and thermophysical properties compared to the typical HTF. In the present study, the efficiency of nanofluid-based flat-plate solar collector is analytically evaluated using the theoretical model of energy balance equation. The theoretical model considers the incoming solar radiation as a volumetric heat generation and the water-based single wall carbon nanohorn(SWCNH) nanofluid is used as a solar energy absorbing medium. Finally, the efficiency of nanofluid-based collector is calculated according to the volume fraction of SWCNH using the analytical solution.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.485-493
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• 2016

Recently submarine and unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) are equipped with a fuel cell system as an air independent propulsion system. Methanol fuel processor can efficiently supply the hydrogen to the fuel cell system to improve the ability to dive. This study investigated the optimal conditions of the methanol fuel processor that may be used in the closed environment. For this purpose, the numerical model based on Gibbs minimization equation was established for steam reformer and three exhaust gas burners. After simulating the characteristics of steam reformer according to the steam-to-carbon ratio (SCR) and the pressure change, the SCR condition was able to narrow down to 1.1 to 1.5. Considering water consumption and the amount of heat recovered from three burners, the optimum condition of the SCR can be determined to be 1.5. Nevertheless, the additional heat supply is required to satisfy the heat balance of the methanol fuel processor in the SCR=1.5. In other to obtain additional amount of heat, the combustion of methanol is better than the increased of SCR in terms of system design.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.63-74
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• 2022

도시 지역의 열 환경을 파악하기 위해 열 플럭스를 추정하고자 하는 연구들이 많이 진행되어 왔다. 현재 다양한 방법을 통해 현열 플럭스가 추정되고 있으나 각 방법 간의 차이를 비교하는 연구는 매우 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 대표적인 두 가지 현열 플럭스 추정 방법을 통해 동일한 대상지의 현열 플럭스를 추정하고 그 결과를 비교하여 방법 간의 의의와 한계를 확인하고자 하였다. 연구 결과 열수지 방정식 방법을 통해 현열 플럭스를 추정할 경우 해상도면에서 큰 장점을 가지나 도시 지역의 특징 중 하나인 인공열을 반영하지 못해 현열이 과소추정될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 물리식을 기반으로 추정할 경우 상대적으로 오차가 작고 인공열의 반영이 가능하나, 시간 및 공간 해상도에 있어 한계가 있음을 확인하였다. 두 방법은 인공열이 많이 발생하는 공업지역에서 가장 큰 차이를 나타냈으며 그 차이는 평균 약 135 W/m², 최대 400 W/m²로 나타났다. 반면 녹지 및 수변공간은 약 20 W/m²로 두 방법 간의 차이가 매우 작은 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 두 방법 간의 결과가 도시 지역에서 유의미한 차이를 보이는 만큼 향후 연구 목적에 맞는 방법을 선택할 필요가 있다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.216-224
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• 2001

Experiments have been performed to investigate evaporative heat transfer characteristics of R-134a flowing in a small diameter tube. Test section was made of stainless steel tube with an inner diameter of 2.2mm and was uniformly heated by electric current which was applied to the tube wall. The local saturation temperature of refrigerant flowing in a tube is calculated from the measured local saturation pressure by using an equation of state. Inner wall temperature was calculated from measured outer wall temperature, accounting for heat generation in the tube and one dimensional heat conduction through the tube wall. Mass quality of refrigerant flowing in a tube was calculated by considering energy balance in the pre-heater and the test section. Heat flux was varied from 19 to 64kW/$m^2$, and mass flux was chanted from 380 to 570kg/$m^2$s for each heat flux condition. From this study, heat transfer in a small diameter tube is affected by heat flux as well as mass flux for a wide range of mass quality. Heat transfer coefficient in a small diameter tube is much greater than that in medium sized tubes. Test results in this study are compared with Gungor and Winterton correlation, which gives an absolute average deviation of 27%.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.186-195
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• 1982

SYSRAN code를 사용하여 고리 1호기의 중기배관파열사고를 분석하였다. SYSRAN code는 중성자출력과 열선속계산은 각각 점근사 중성자 운동방정식과 집중정수 모형을 이용하고 냉각수 계통 과도현상에 대해서는 전 계통을 균일한 압력으로 취급하여 질량 및 에너지 평형방정식을 이용하여 계산한다. 사고 결과를 심각하게 만드는 노심상태로 부냉각재 온도계수가 커지는 노심말기와 증기발생기의 유체함량이 가장 많은 고온 정지상태를 호기조건으로 하여, 격납용기외부의 가장 큰 배관면적인 1.4f $t^2$ 크기의 증기배관이 파열되었을때 Moody critical flow model에 따라 증기가 방출된다고 가정하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 노심의 최대 열선속은 사고후 60초에 정상상대의 38%로서 FSAR의 26%에 비해 높은 값을 나타냈으나 모든 과도현상의 경향은 FSAR의 결과와 잘 일치하였다. 민감도 조사결과 이 사고는 냉각재밀도 계수와 노심 하부공간혼합인자에 가장 민감한 것으로 나타났다. B bank중 한 개의 RCCA가 완전인출 상태에서 노심에 삽입되지 않았다고 가정했을 경우의 FSAR 분석결과인 $F_{$\Delta$H}$를 3.66으로 Fz를 1.55로 하여 DNBR을 계산해 본 결과, 최소 DNBR은 1.62가 되어 핵연료의 손상은 예상되지 않았다. 점근사중성자 운동방정식, 집중 정수모형 및 질량과 에너지평형 방정식을 이용한 계통 과도 현상모델은 발전소 전 계통의 과도 현상의 경향을 연구하는데 적합한 것으로 밝혀졌다.구하는데 적합한 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.147-152
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• 2015

온실의 냉방부하 산정방법 개발을 위하여 열수지 방법에 기초한 냉방부하 산정식을 구성하고, 포그냉방 온실에서 냉방부하를 실측하여 검증하였다. 포그냉방 온실의 냉각열량은 포그분사에 의한 증발수량에 물의 증발잠열을 곱하여 구할 수 있다. 여기서, 증발수량은 포그 분사량에 증발효율을 곱하면 구할 수 있으며, 즉 분무수량을 계측하고 포그시스템의 증발효율을 알면 온실의 냉방부하를 실측할 수 있다. 따라서 온실의 냉방부하 실측을 위하여 실험온실에서 포그시스템의 증발효율을 실험하고, 실험온실의 열환경 계측과 더불어 포그 분사량을 계측하여 냉방부하 산정방법을 검토하였다. 먼저 냉방부하 산정식의 환기전열량을 검토하기 위하여 냉방을 실시하지 않은 상태에서 환기량 실측 실험을 통해 비교한 결과 열수지식을 이용한 환기전열량 예측은 비교적 양호한 결과를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 이류체 포그시스템의 증발효율은 0.3~0.94의 범위를 보였으며 평균 0.67로 나타났고, 환기율이 증가함에 따라 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 포그냉방을 실시하면서 온실의 환경을 계측하여 열수지식으로 냉방부하를 계산하고, 분무량 실측치로부터 증발 냉각열량을 구하여 비교한 결과 냉방부하 계산치와 실측치는 대체로 유사한 경향을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 냉방부하가 낮은 경우에는 실측치에 비하여 약간 크게 예측되었고, 냉방부하가 높은 경우에는 실측치보다 작게 예측되었다. 온실의 냉방시스템 설계 시에는 최대냉방부하를 이용하여 냉방설비의 용량을 결정하게 된다. 따라서 냉방부하가 큰 쪽에서 실측치보다 작게 예측되는 부분은 검토가 필요하지만 설비용량 산정시의 안전계수를 고려하면 본 연구에서 제시한 냉방부하 산정방법은 온실의 환경설계에 적용할 수 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2016

Purpose: Heat transfers phenomena are described by the second order partial differential equation and its boundary conditions. In a three-dimensional structure of a building, the heat transfer phenomena generally include more than one material, and thus, become complicate. The analytic solutions are useful to understand heat transfer phenomena, but they can hardly be applied in engineering or design problems. Engineers and designers have generally been forced to use numerical methods providing reliable results. Finite volume methods with the unstructured grid system is only the suitable means of the analysis for the complex and arbitrary domains. Method: To obtain an numerical solution, a discretization method, which approximates the differential equations, and the interpolation methods for temperature and heat flux between two or more materials are required. The discretization methods are applied to small domains in space and time, and these numerical solutions form the descretized equations provide approximated solutions in both space and time. The accuracy of numerical solutions is dependent on the quality of discretizations and size of cells used. The higher accuracy, the higher numerical resources are required. The balance between the accuracy and difficulty of the numerical methods is critical for the success of the numerical analysis. A simple and easy interpolation methods among multiple materials are developed. The linear equations are solved with the BiCGSTAB being a effective matrix solver. Result: This study provides an overview of discretization methods, boundary interface, and matrix solver for the 3-dimensional numerical heat transfer including two materials.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.515-529
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• 2017

EnergyPlus, which is widely used in various fields, provides Simple Window Model, a window model that can be used practically. However, the results of building load using the model are different from those of the standard model. The main cause of the deviation by Simple Window Model was analyzed to be due to the assumption that all windows were considered as single layer. The purpose of this study is to propose a window model that improves the cause of deviation by Simple Window Model and can be easily calculated from the algebraic relations. The proposed window model solved the heat balance equation algebraically by using seven window characteristic coefficients. The coefficient relationships consisted of the heat transmission coefficient and solar heat gain coefficient as input parameters make practical use and calculation possible. As a result of comparing the deviation between each window model by implementing the dynamic analysis method, the proposed window model showed that the deviation of the total heating/cooling energy consumption was reduced to 1/3 compared to Simple Window Model for one year. Although the maximum energy consumption did not show any significant improvement, the indoor temperature evaluation showed significantly reduced deviation.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2007

We investigated recovery in $Au/YBa_2Cu_3O_7$ (YBCO) thin film meander lines on sapphire substrates. The meander lines were fabricated by patterning YBCO films coated with gold layers. The lines were subjected to simulated AC fault current and then small current was applied for recovery measurements. The samples were immersed in liquid nitrogen during the experiment. After the fault, the resistance decreased linearly, first slowly and then fast to zero. The initial slow decrease was due to the decrease of the meander line temperature, whereas the fast decrease was originated from the transition from the normal state to the superconducting state. The recovery speed depended on the size of samples, and was faster in the smaller samples during the whole period of recovery. The experimental results were analyzed quantitatively with the concept of heat transfer within the sample and to the surrounding liquid nitrogen. A heat balance equation was solved for the initial phase of recovery, and an expression for the time dependence of resistance was obtained. The result agreed with data well.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.149-154
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• 2009

We measured and analyzed the quench development in coated conductor(CC) tapes. The CC was grown on hastelloy substrates and has an Ag protection layer. The tapes were subjected to simulated AC fault currents for quench development measurement. They were immersed in liquid nitrogen during the experiment. The quench resistance increased rapidly first, and the increase slowed down afterwards. It increased linearly with applied voltage at lower voltages, and depended less strongly on applied voltage at higher voltages. The resistance was compared with that of Au/YBCO films grown on sapphire substrates, and found to increase more monotonously than the latter. Data were analyzed quantitatively with the concept of heat transfer within the tape and the surrounding liquid nitrogen. A heat balance equation was derived and solved, taking into consideration temperature dependence of thermal parameters of the tapes. Solutions, together with values of thermal parameters taken from the literature, explained the data well. Cooling by liquid nitrogen affected the quench development considerably at lower applied voltages. Dependence on applied voltages could be also understood quantitatively.