• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.101-103
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• 2015

Scientific methods that measure the physical demand requirements of a construction operation have not been arrived at maturity in construction community. It is attributed to the difficulty involved in performing controlled experiments on the operation and its' volatile jobsite environment. This paper presents a method that measures the physical demand requirement of the waterproofing activity and verifies the differences between various operations (e.g., a primer painting and a polyurethane coating) consisting of the activity. Two hypotheses, which are involved in the operations, are summarized as follows: [Hypothesis 1] when one performs the same amount of work; the one's average heart rate required for the polyurethane coating operation is higher than that required for the primer painting operation. [Hypothesis 2] when one performs the same amount of work, the one's break time required for the polyurethane coating operation is longer than that required for the primer painting operation.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 1990

Maternal serum ${\beta}$-specific human chorionic gonadotropin(${\beta}$-hCG) and pregnancy-specific ${\beta}_1$-glycoprotein($SP_1$) levels were determined more than one per week during 11-41 days post embryo transfer(ET) in 21 consecutive pregnancies after in vitro fertilization(IVF), which included 8 normal singleton pregnancies, 3 twin pregnancies, 4 clinical abortions, 1 ectopic pregnancy, and 5 preclinical abortions. The sensitivity of serum ${\beta}$-hCG and $SP_1$ radioimmunoassays was 3mIU/ml and 0.7ng/ml relatively. At the 7th to 8th week of gestation, ultrasonographic confirmation of fetal pole and fetal heartbeat was performed. Both serm ${\beta}$-hCG and $SP_1$ levels showed logarithmic increase, but log[$SP_1$] had more steep rising curve and had wider variation than log[${\beta}$-hCG] in normal singleton pregnancies. In 3 twin pregnancies and one ectopic pregnancy, both serum ${\beta}$-hCG and $SP_1$ levels located within the 95% confidence interval of the mean levels of 8 normal singleton pregnancies(normal range). In 2 clinical abortions which had a fetal pole without heartbeat, serum ${\beta}$-hCG level showed lower limit of the normal range or just below, but all $SP_1$ levels showed within the normal range. In other 2 clinical abortions which were diagnosed as blighted ovum, both serum ${\beta}$-hCG levels from 11 days post-ET and serum $SP_1$ levels from later days compared with ${\beta}$-hCG were below the normal range. In 5 preclinical abortions, serum $SP_1$ levels were within the normal range but serum ${\beta}$-hCG levels were far below the normal range. In conclusion, both serum ${\beta}$-hCG and $SP_1$ levels increased exponentially with similar pattern in normally conceived pregancy after IVF-ET. Both serum ${\beta}$-hCG and $SP_1$ levels could predict outcome of early pregnancy to a certain degree, but log[${\beta}$-hCG] levels had more significant correlation with outcome of pregnancy compared with log[$SP_1$] levels. In addition, ultrasonographic examination of fetal poles and fetal heartbeats gives very important clinical information and prognosis.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 2017

Heart contraction is essential for insect hemolymph circulation, in which various physiological changes need control of the heart contraction. Thus, interruption of heartbeats intimidate insect survival. Chlorine dioxide induces release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which has been regarded as the main insecticidal agent. This study analyzed the effect of chlorine dioxide on heartbeats of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella. The larvae have the dorsal vessel on the medial dorsal region in a form of an extending tube from the first thorax to 10th abdominal segment. Dorsal vessel contraction was noticeable between 3rd and 10th abdominal segments, where five heart chambers were observed. Average heartbeat rate was 118.6 beats per min at $25^{\circ}C$. However, the heartbeats varied with ambient temperature. Injection of chlorine dioxide to hemocoel suppressed the heartbeats in a dose-dependent manner. The suppressive effect of chlorine dioxide also increased with exposure time to gas form of the chemical at 100 ppm. However, vitamin E (an antioxidant against ROS) treatment significantly rescued the larvae treated with chlorine dioxide in the heart contraction activity. These results suggest that chlorine dioxide negatively influences on the heart contraction of P. interpunctella via its production of ROS.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.199-212
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• 1983

The inhibition/influences of adenine compounds on the heart have been described repeatedly by many investigators, since the first report by Druny and Szent-Gyorgyi [1929]. These studies have shown that adenosine and adenine nucleotides have an over-all effect similar to that of acetylcholine [ACh] by slowing and weakening the heartbeat. The basic cellular and membrane events underlying the inhibitory action of adenosine on sinus rate, however, are not well understood. Furthermore, the physiological role of adenosine in regulation of the heartbeat remains still to be elucidated. Therefore, this study was undertaken in order to examine the response of rabbit SA node to adenosine and to compare the response to that of ACh. Isolated SA node preparation, whole atrial pair, or left atrlal strip was used in each experiment. Action potentials of SA node were recorded through the intracellular glass microelectrodes, which were filled with 3M KCI and had resistance of 30-50 M. All experiments were performed in a bicarbonate-buffered Tyrode solution which was aerated with 3% $CO_2-97%$ $O_2$ gas mixture and kept at $35^{\circ}C$. Spontaneous firing rate of SA node at 35C [Mean + SEM, n=16] was 154 + 3.3 beats/min. The parameters of action potentials were: maximum astolic potential [MDP], -731.7mV: overshoot [OS], 9 + 1.4mV; slope of pacemaker potential [SPP], 94 3.0mV/sec.Adenosine suppressed the firing rate of SA node in a dose dependent manner. This inhibitory effect appeared at the concentration of $10^{-6}M$ and was potentiated in parallel with the increase in adenosine concentration. Changes in action potential by adenosine were dose-dependent increase of MDP and decrease of SPP until $10^{-4}$. Above this concentration, however, the amplitude of action potential decreased markedly due to the simultaneous decrease of both MDP and OS. All these effects of adenosine were not affected by pretreatment of atropine [2mg/l] and propranolol [$5{\times}10^{-6}M$]. ACh [$10^{-6}M$] responses on action potential were similar to those of adenosine by increasing MDP and decreasing SPP. These effects of ACh disappeared by pretreatment of atropine [2mg/1]. Inhibition/effects of adenosine and ACh on sinus rate were enhanced synergistically with the simultaneous administration of adenosine and ACh. Marked decrease of overshoot potential was the most prominent feature on action potential. Dipyridamole [DPM], which is known to block the adenosine transport across cell membrane, definitely potentiated the action of adenosine . Adenosine suppressed the sinus rate and atrial contractility in the same dosage range, even in the reserpinized preparation. Above` results suggest that adenosine suppresses pacemaker activity, like ACh, by acting directly on the membrane of SA node, increasing MDP and decreasing SPP.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.128-137
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• 2024

It is necessary to develop a pulsatile Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenator (p-ECMO) with counter-pulsation control(CPC), which ejects blood during the diastolic phase of the heart rather than the systolic phase, due to the known issues with conventional ECMO causing fatal complications such as ventricular dilation and pulmonary edema. A promising method to simultaneously detect the pulsations of the heart and p-ECMO is to analyze blood pressure waveforms using deep neural network technology(DNN). However, the accurate detection of cardiac rhythms by DNNs is challenging due to various noises such as pulsations from p-ECMO, reflected waves in the vessels, and other dynamic noises. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of DNNs developed for CPC in p-ECMO, using human-like blood pressure waveforms reproduced in an in-vitro experiment. Especially, an experimental setup that reproduces reflected waves commonly observed in actual patients was developed, and the impact of these waves on DNN judgments was assessed using a multiple DNN (m-DNN) that provides accurate determinations along with a separate index for heartbeat recognition ability. In the experimental setup inducing reflected waves, it was observed that the shape of the blood pressure waveform became increasingly complex, which coincided with an increase in harmonic components, as evident from the Fast Fourier Transform results of the blood pressure wave. It was observed that the recognition score (RS) of DNNs decreased in blood pressure waveforms with significant harmonic components, separate from the frequency components caused by the heart and p-ECMO. This study demonstrated that each DNN trained on blood pressure waveforms without reflected waves showed low RS when faced with waveforms containing reflected waves. However, the accuracy of the final results from the m-DNN remained high even in the presence of reflected waves.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.183-190
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• 2013

The Photoplethysmogram is a similar periodic signal that synchrinized to a heartbeat. In this paper, we propose a exponential weight moving average filter that use similarity of Photoplethysmogram. This filtering method has the average value of each samples through separating the cycle of PPG signal. If there are some motion artifacts in continuous PPG signal, disjoin the signal based on cycle. And then, we made these signals to have same cycle by coordinating the number of sample. After arrange these cycles in 2 dimension, we put the average value of each samples from starting till now. So, we can eliminate the motion artifacts without damaged PPG signal.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.234-239
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• 2012

This paper presents a compact K-band Doppler radar sensor for human vital signal detection that uses a radar configuration with only single coupler. The proposed radar front-end configuration can reduce the chip size and the additional RF power loss. The radar front-end IC is composed of a Lange coupler, VCO, and single balanced mixer. The oscillation frequency of the VCO is from 27.3 to 27.8 GHz. The phase noise of the VCO is -91.2 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz offset frequency, and the output power is -4.8 dBm. The conversion gain of the mixer is about 11 dB. The chip size is $0.89{\times}1.47mm^2$. The compact Ka-band Doppler radar system was developed in order to demonstrate remote human vital signal detection. The radar system consists of a Ka-band Doppler radar module with a $2{\times}2$ patch array antenna, baseband signal conditioning block, DAQ system, and signal processing program. The front-end module size is $2.5{\times}2.5cm^2$. The proposed radar sensor can properly capture a human heartbeat and respiration rate at the distance of 50 cm.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.123-130
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to identify factors influencing intra-operative core body temperature (CBT), and to develop a predictive model for intra-operative CBT in laparoscopic abdominal surgery. Methods: The prospective observational study involved 161 subjects, whose age, weight, and height were collected. The basal pre-operative CBT, pre-operative blood pressure, and heartbeat were measured. CBT was measured 1 hour and 2 hours after pneumoperitoneum. Results: Explanatory factors of intra-operative hypothermia (< $36^{\circ}C$) were weight (${\beta}=.361$, p< .001) and pre-operative CBT (${\beta}=.280$, p= .001) 1 hour after pneumoperitoneum (Adjusted $R^2=.198$, F= 7.56, p< .001). Weight was (${\beta}=.423$, p< .001) and pre-operative CBT was (${\beta}=.206$, p= .011) 2 hours after pneumoperitoneum (Adjusted $R^2=.177$, F= 5.93, p< .001). The researchers developed a predictive model for intra-operative CBT ($^{\circ}C$) by observing intra-operative CBT, body weight, and pre-operative CBT. The predictive model revealed that intra-operative CBT was positively correlated with body weight and pre-operative CBT. Conclusion: Influence of weight on intra-operative hypothermia increased over time from 1 hour to 2 hours after pneumoperitoneum, whereas influence of pre-operative CBT on intraoperative hypothermia decreased over time from 1 hour to 2 hours after pneumoperitoneum. The research recommends pre-warming for laparoscopic surgical patients to guard against intra-operative hypothermia.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.50-53
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• 2012

After success of sildenafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, a large number of its analogues have been approved from FDA. Recently, the illegal dietary supplements which include sildenafil, vardenafil, tadalafil, or analogues of these drugs as ingredient have been widely distributed. Therefore, the determination of the residue of synthetic phosphodiesterase- 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors in dietary supplements is highly required due to indiscriminate and unintentional overdose caused nausea, chest pains, fainting and irregular heartbeat. In this paper, we report a rapid and sensitive analytical method for the simultaneous determination of nine phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. The present method was found to be accurate and reproducible with 40 ${\mu}g$/g of the limit of quantification for the nine PDE-5 inhibitors. The developed method can be successfully applied to the analysis of the seven illegal dietary supplements.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.5-17
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine effects of aromatherapy on the activity and balance of autonomic nervous system and on physical resistance to stress. Methods: This research is a primitive experimental design which attempts to analyze aromatherapy EKG monitoring on real-time basis. Lavender & Chamomile, each 30 drops, were blended with 100ml Sweet Almond oil. Subjects was laid relaxed, and had insides of his wrists and ankles attached with electrodes for EKG. Right after applied with essential oil onto his philtrum and parotid, started on EKG monitoring. Results: The activities of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve were changed as time elapsed, with significant differences(p=.000). In multiple comparison, the value was significantly different(p<.05).The balance of autonomic nerve was changed, becoming close to the normal level in accord with applicable international standards(1.5)(p=.011). In multiple comparison, the value showed a significant difference(p<.05). Physical resistance to stress increased with the passage of time, but not statistically significant. Conclusions: This suggests that aromatherapy can be used as a nursing intervention which aims at alleviating symptoms related to the imbalance of autonomic nerve system such as headache, hot flashes, irregular heartbeat, nervousness, depression and anxiety.