• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.214-231
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• 2014

This study was intended to investigate the alcohol drinking characteristics, Makgeolli drinking behavior, and perception of Makgeolli focusing on the Chinese students studying in Korea. 550 copies of self-administrated questionnaire for a survey were distributed from May 2nd to June 30th, 2012, and then 461 copies were adopted for the analyses. The drinking frequency and drinking amount at a time increased as the length of stay in Korea and monthly pocket money increased, and Makgeolli was second preferred, following beer. 97.5% of the students experienced drinking Makgeolli, the drinking rate and drinking amount of Makgeolli increased with the length of stay in Korea, and they mostly drank at restaurants and bars. Common motivations for drinking Makgeolli were taste and atmosphere while drinking it, and bad taste and headache were the most common reasons for disliking Makgeolli. The awareness of commercial Makgeolli types was low, and for the price and health promoting effects of Makgeolli, 92.4% and 85.8% of the students replied positively, respectively. These results suggest that the development of high quality Makgeolli adapted to the tastes of Chinese and relieving hangover, and advertising the health benefits would promote Makgeolli consumption in Chinese market.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 2012

Formaldehyde is commonly present in cosmetic products as an ingredient intended to preserve cosmetic raw materials or as a liberated product from other formaldehyde-releasing preservatives. Since even low level of formaldehyde can elicit a dermatological reactions in sensitized individuals, there has been a tendency to restrict and regulate the use of formaldehyde in cosmetic products. In this study, we determined formaldehyde content in 114 commercial cosmetic products such as packs and masks. Formaldehyde was detected at the level ranging from 0.3 to $9.7{\mu}g/mL$ (ppm) in 36 % of the tested cosmetic products. We investigated formaldehyde content of twelve products specifying to contain formaldehyde-releasing preservatives on their labels. In eleven of ten imidazolidinyl urea-containing and two 1,3-Dimethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DMDM hyantoin)-containing products, average of $1.7{\mu}g/mL$ (ppm) formaldehyde level was detected. The formaldehyde levels detected in our tested products are low when compared with the maximum authorised concentration 0.2 % (2000 ppm) of formaldehyde in cosmetics according to the Korean Food and Drug Administration notice.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.185-193
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• 2012

This study conducted surveys of 88 eldery people over 100 years in Gyeongnam on April to June, 2011 during 90 days. It was intended to find the factors of longevity, Activity Daily of Living (ADL), and Instrumental Activity Daily of Living (IADL). Major results of this study were as follows: The factors of longevity are getting enough sleep over than seven hours(95.5%), taking in less salty food (69.8%), optimism without even thinking about suicide (86.9%), nonsmoking habit (92%), and moderation in drink (86.4%). The most difficult part of Activity Daily of Living (ADL) is taking a bath, and that of Instrumental Activity Daily of Living (IADL) is taking a bus or subway alone. All items of ADL and IADL, female was higher than the male, but not statistically significant(p<0.05). Therefore, further study is expected to develop the supplementary policy to support the elderly people with declining to carry out physical activities. It is also expected to develop the public welfare programs and policies for the aged, allowing them to take responsibility and to participate as a member of the society.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.231-238
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• 2019

Objectives: Alzheimer's disease (AD), an overwhelming neurodegenerative disease, has deleterious effects on the brain that consequently causes memory loss and language impairment. This study was intended to investigate the neuroprotective activity of the two essential oils (EOs) from Iranian Pistacia khinjuk (PK) leaves and Allium sativum (AS) cloves against β-Amyloid 25-35 (Aβ25-35) induced elevation of cholinesterase enzymes in AD. Methods: The EOs of PK (PKEO) and AS (ASEO) were prepared and analyzed in terms of extraction yield, phenolic content, and cholinergic markers in vitro. Moreover, both were administered orally to adult male Wistar rats at concentrations of 1, 2, and 3%. The inhibitory potential of PKEO and ASEO was compared with Donepezil (0.75 mg/kg) against the high activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes. Results: PKEO reached an inhibition rate of 83.6% and 81.4% against AChE and BChE, respectively. ASEO had lower anti-cholinesterase activity (65.4% and 31.5% for the inhibition AChE and BChE). PKEO was found to have more phenolic content than ASEO. A significantly positive correlation was observed between the total phenolics and anti-cholinesterase potential. In rats, both EOs decreased the enzyme activity in a concentration-dependent manner. As compared with Donepezil, the significant difference in the AChE and BChE inhibition occurred as rats were treated with PKEO 3% (p < 0.05). Conclusion: It could be concluded that PKEO and ASEO are potent inhibitors of AChE and BChE in rats that hold promise to be used for the treatment of AD.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.56 no.3 s.102
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• pp.28-41
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• 2006

The purposes of this study were to analyze 'well-being' lifestyle pursuits depending on consumer types and to classify female consumer types according to their 'well-being' awareness. This study also intended to examine the levels of consumers' participation in pursuing a 'well-being' lifestyle, and to find female consumers' characteristics related to well-being lifestyle. The results of study were as follows: First, female consumers were classified in terms of their lifestyle by using their participation in, and awareness of well-being concerns. The results were divided into four groups: society/family-oriented group, 'well-being' oriented leading group, trend-oriented material wealth pursuit group, and selt~centered/fashionable appearance-oriented group. Second, the results of examining characteristics by female consumer type in terms of their pursuit of a well-being lifestyle show that the 'well-being' oriented leading group had the greatest number of innovators and followers. Also, the trend-oriented material wealth pursuit group consisted of mostly medium level participants, and the self-centered/fashionable appearance-oriented group had the greatest number of 'well-being' lifestyle bystanders. With regards to practical participation group, significant differences were found in the sections of 'health', 'leisure' and 'whole', except for 'appearance management'. With regards to purchase experience of 'well-being' products, the health-oriented leading group was the highest participation level in the sections of 'clothes' and 'food', except for 'residence', in which the society/family-oriented group was the highest. Third, demographical characteristics within female consumer types classified by 'well-being' lifestyle showed that the society/family-oriented group had a high percent of. dedicated housewives in their forties or fifties, and the trend-oriented material wealth pursuit group has a high percent of married people in their twenties or thirties. Also, the self-oriented/fashionable appearance-oriented group had a high percent of unmarried. people in their twenties.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.794-802
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• 2002

This study was intended to evaluate the overall effects of nutritional education on adults having two or more symptoms of chronic degenerative disease. A nine week nutritional education program was provided for 65 adults with chronic diseases. We assessed the changes in dietary knowledge, eating behavior and socio-psychological factors. When we evaluated the nutrient intakes of the subjects, their energy intake was 79.4% of the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). Their dietary intake of other nutrients was also below the RDA level except for Vitamin C. Their knowledge of dietary therapy was slightly improved after the implementing of nutritional education. The dietary behavior of ‘night snacks before sleep’was significantly improved. While the overall fear due to disease was significantly increased, self-efficacy was not improved. Self-efficacy for eating “three regular meals” and “choosing fruit, vegetable and grain” were significantly decreased. Family support for “buying food which is good for my health” was also significantly increased, whereas “advises me to eat appropriate foods for health” was decreased. Biochemical analysis indicated that blood levels of triglyceride, cholesterol and blood pressure improved after nutrition education. Therefore, we concluded that nutritional education program for people with chronic degenerative diseases could change the diet therapy knowledge, dietary behavior, and the fear due to disease, support from family and behavior intention toward the direction to improve the chronic disease condition. However, it did not improve self-efficacy. Our study also indicated that nutritional education strategies to improve self-efficacy should be an important aspect in a long term education plan for patients to establish desirable eating habits.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.35-45
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• 2009

This survey study was conducted on dental technician school students in April 2008 to investigate the effects of smoking on oral health. 110 male and 39 female students were surveyed and cross analysis was performed to examine the relationship between oral health status and smoking-related and oral health maintenance characteristics of smoking and non-smoking group. T-test and one-way ANAVA was used to analyze the average difference verification of two independent samples(smoking group and non-smoking group) and followings are the results. In general characteristics, 74 male students(74.7%) and 25 female(25.3%) students smoked and the percentage of male students were higher in smoking group. Regarding class grade, 2nd-year students(37 students, 37.4%) and 1st-year students(18 students, 36.0%) took the highest percentage of smoking and non-smoking group, respectively. Concerning the experience of drinking, smoking group consumed more alcoholic beverages(94 students, 94.9%) With respect to the frequency of between-meal consumption, respondents who eat between-meal once or twice smoked more. Respecting preferences of sweet food, respondents who enjoyed sweet food smoked more. Concerning smoking characteristics, many of smoking group had been smoked fo a long time(two to five years) and it was worrisome. About the amounts of smoking, 50 respondents(52.6%) of smoking group smoked 20 cigarettes a day with the highest proportion. With regard to the awareness of harmfulness, 70 respondents(70.7%) considered smoking as very harmful and showed that smoking group were aware of its harmfulness but it was habitualized. Respecting smokers in family members, father was more common as smokers(58 respondents, 58.6%) in family and showed that the influence of father. Main reasons of poor periodontal health were alchoholic consumption, smoking, and oral parafunctional habit(57 respondents, 56.7%) in smoking group and neglect of oral hygiene(21 respondents, 42.0%) in non-smoking group. With regard to the scaling, 80 respondents of smoking group(80.8%) didn't received scaling and showed that more oral health education was required. Regarding the periodontal status, non-smoking group was $1.26{\pm}0.44$, respondents who received scaling was $1.43{\pm}0.50$, respondents who regularly floss was $1.50{\pm}0.52$, respondents who brush more than three times a day was $1.38{\pm}0.49$ and had better periodontal health. Bleeding during tooth brushing was more frequent in smoking group ($1.51{\pm}0.70$). Regarding mouth order, non-smoking group was $2.34{\pm}0.62$, after scaling was $2.02{\pm}0.76$, patients who regularly floss was $1.50{\pm}0.52$, patients who brush more than three times a day was $1.81{\pm}0.87$. Concerning the experience of dental caries treatment, smoking group was $1.20{\pm}0.40$, patients who do not floss was $1.30{\pm}0.46$, patients who brush once a day was $1.29{\pm}0.45$. With regard to dental prosthesis, non-smoking group was $3.78{\pm}1.62$, patients who received scaling was $1.43{\pm}0.50$, patients who regularly floss was $1.40{\pm}0.51$, patients who brush more than three times a day was $1.24{\pm}0.43$. From these results, oral health education and smoking has correlation and more oral health education needs to be carried out to educate students with non-health related majors about harmfulness of smoking on oral health. Also more study are required.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.352-357
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• 2013

This study estimates the classification criteria which distinguishes the types of omega-3 health functional foods, fish oils and fish oil usages through $^{13}C$-NMR spectra and fatty acids contents analysis. The major fatty acids of omega-3, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, $C_{20:5}$) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, $C_{22:6}$) are being analyzed. 10 ethyl ester (EE) forms and 10 triglyceride (TG) forms are the most common types of fish oils for 20 omega-3 products. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis generally shows the matching EPA and DHA contents of the products listed on the notation. But EE form contents of EPA and DHA are higher and are more varied than the TG form. Most of the samples of EPA/DHA ratio show different content ratios of indicated on the products when comparing with standards. The $^{13}C$-NMR analysis of EPA and DHA on sn-1,3 and sn-2 carbonyl peak position with fish oil triglycerides display whether the reconstituted triglycerides (rTG) are being confirmed or not. As a result of the 9 TG form, the 10 TG products showed similar values: EPA sn-1, 3; 13.46~15.66, sn-2; 3.00~4.52, DHA sn-1, 3; 2.43~4.40, sn-2; 3.84~6.36. But one product showed lower contents (EPA: sn-1, 3; 5.88, sn-2; 2.86, DHA sn-1, 3; 2.29, sn-2; 5.95) of EPA, thus it can be considered a different type of oil and only matched six products according to the label. This study is intended to provide basic materials which identify the status for the types and quality of omega-3 fish oil products according to fatty acids profiles and the $^{13}C$-NMR spectrum confirmed the location specificity of EPA and DHA.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.81-86
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• 2015

The purpose of our paper was to investigate the migration level of 4,4'-MDA(4,4'-methylenedianiline), 2,4-TDA(2,4-toluenediamine), aniline, acrylonitrile and methylmeth acrylate from plastic cookwares into food simulants and to evaluate the safety of each monomers. The test articles for monomers were PA (polyamide) items for 4,4'-MDA, 2,4-TDA and aniline, PU (polyurethane) items for 4,4'-MDA, ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene- styrene) items for acrylonitrile, and acrylic resin items for methylmethacrylate. All the article samples of 321 intended for contact with foods were purchased in domestic market. 4,4'-MDA, 2,4-TDA and aniline were analyzed by LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography -tandem mass spectrometer), acrylonitrile by GC-NPD (gas chromatography-nitrogen phos phorus detector) and methyl methacrylate by GC-FID (gas chromatography-flame ionization detector). The migration level of monomers were within the migration limits of Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS). As a result of safety evaluation, our results showed that the estimated daily intake (EDI, mg/kg bw/day)s were $2.39{\times}10^{-9}$ and $1.20{\times}10^{-9}$ for 4,4'-MDA and 2,4-TDA of PA, $4.32{\times}10^{-9}$ for acrylonitrile of ABS and $2.27{\times}10^{-7}$ for methylmethacrylate of acrylic resin. Reference Dose (RfD, mg/kg bw/day) of acrylonitrile and tolerable daily intake (TDI, mg/kg bw/day) of methacrylate were established respectively as 0.001 by EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) and as 1.2 by WHO (World Health Organization). When comparing with RfD and TDI, the EDIs of acrylonitrile and methylmethacrylate accounted for $4.32{\times}10^{-4}%$ and $1.89{\times}10^{-5}%$ respectively.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.334-339
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• 2014

The purpose of our study was to investigate the migration level of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), hexavalent chromium ($Cr^{6+}$) and mercury (Hg) from cookwares into food simulants and to evaluate the safety of each heavy metals. The test articles for heavy metals were glassware, ceramics, enamel, earthenware, polypropylene and polyethylene cookwares for Pb and Cd, enamel for Sb, earthenware for As, polyethylene and polypropylene cookwares for $Cr^{6+}$ and Hg. All the article samples of 391 intended for contact with foods were purchased in domestic markets. Pb, Cd, Sb and As were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), $Cr^{6+}$ by UV visible spectrophotometer and Hg by mercury analyzer. The migration levels of heavy metals in all the samples were within the migration limits of Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS). As a result of safety evaluation, our results showed that the estimated daily intakes (EDI, mg/kg bw/day) were $9.12{\times}10^{-6}$ and $8.83{\times}10^{-7}$ for Pb and Cd from ceramics and $1.19{\times}10^{-5}$, $1.23{\times}10^{-5}$ and $7.52{\times}10^{-6}$ for Pb, Cd and Sb from enamel. Tolerable daily intakes (TDI, mg/kg bw/day) were established respectively as 0.0036, 0.00081, 0.0021, and 0.0006 for Pb, Cd, As and Hg by JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), as 0.0060 for Sb by WHO (World Health Organization). When comparing with TDIs, the EDIs accounted for 0.25% and 0.11% for Pb and Cd from ceramics and 0.33%, 1.52% and 0.13% for Pb, Cd and Sb from enamel.