• BMB Reports
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• v.48 no.12
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• pp.647-654
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• 2015

Energy homeostasis in our body system is maintained by balancing the intake and expenditure of energy. Excessive accumulation of fat by disrupting the balance system causes overweight and obesity, which are increasingly becoming global health concerns. Understanding the pathogenesis of obesity focused on studying the genes related to familial types of obesity. Recently, a rare human genetic disorder, ciliopathy, links the role for genes regulating structure and function of a cellular organelle, the primary cilium, to metabolic disorder, obesity and type II diabetes. Primary cilia are microtubule based hair-like membranous structures, lacking motility and functions such as sensing the environmental cues, and transducing extracellular signals within the cells. Interestingly, the subclass of ciliopathies, such as Bardet-Biedle and Alström syndrome, manifest obesity and type II diabetes in human and mouse model systems. Moreover, studies on genetic mouse model system indicate that more ciliary genes affect energy homeostasis through multiple regulatory steps such as central and peripheral actions of leptin and insulin. In this review, we discuss the latest findings in primary cilia and metabolic disorders, and propose the possible interaction between primary cilia and the leptin and insulin signal pathways which might enhance our understanding of the unambiguous link of a cell's antenna to obesity and type II diabetes.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.39.1-39.8
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• 2020

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys affected individuals' memory and reasoning faculties, and consequently, their ability to perform the simplest tasks. This study investigated the hub genes of AD. Proteins interact with other proteins and non-protein molecules, and these interactions play an important role in understanding protein function. Computational methods are useful for understanding biological problems, in particular, network analyses of protein-protein interactions. Through a protein network analysis, we identified the following top 10 hub genes associated with AD: PTGER3, C3AR1, NPY, ADCY2, CXCL12, CCR5, MTNR1A, CNR2, GRM2, and CXCL8. Through gene enrichment, it was identified that most gene functions could be classified as integral to the plasma membrane, G-protein coupled receptor activity, and cell communication under gene ontology, as well as involvement in signal transduction pathways. Based on the convergent functional genomics ranking, the prioritized genes were NPY, CXCL12, CCR5, and CNR2.

• Korean Journal of Artificial Intelligence
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.4-7
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• 2016

These days, citizens have made change of food life to take Western style food and to suffer from diabetes because of excessive nutrition taking, less exercise, stress and other environmental factors. They may suffer from diabetes because of genetic defect, surgery of pancreas, disinfection and medicine and others. One of ten Koreans may have symptom of diabetes to be popular. The diabetes that is a kind of metabolic disease has high blood sugar at disorder of hyper insulinism and/or defect of insulin action. Long time high blood sugar may produce chronic disease of kidney, eyes, nerve, heart and blood vessel and others. The purpose of health care of diabetes patient was to reach target blood sugar by diet, physical exercise and medicine and to prevent and delay complication. Diabetes patient shall control blood sugar to keep healthy. The blood sugar control requires time and effort, and all of the patients are difficult to make effort and to spend time. You can control blood sugar by the application. The application allows patients to control blood sugar and to save time and efforts and to make small sized input and automation of remaining area. The service was limited to blood sugar graph, and user carries smart phone to conduct test and to have difficulty. Further study needs to solve the problems and to investigate blood sugar testing not carrying smart phone and to make application of easy control of blood sugar.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.737-742
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• 2002

To evaluate the effect of obesity on serum leptin and insulin levels in 80 elementary school children (aged 10.8 yr, 47 boys, 33 girls), we collected the anthropometric data and measured serum leptin and insulin levels. Serum leptin level and insulin resistance are known as factors which are associated with obesity and obesity related diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension. The results were as follows. The serum levels of insulin (p＜0.001), leptin (p＜0.001) and HOM $A_{IR}$ (p＜0.001) in obese group were significantly higher than those of other groups. The obesity indices correlated significantly to serum levels of insulin and leptin, but not to fasting glucose level. These results suggested that circulating leptin and insulin concentrations may act as a humoral signal indicator to adiposity-associated metabolic disorder in elementary school children.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2016

Background: Prolonged sitting leads to low back discomfort and lumbopelvic muscle fatigue. This study examined the characteristics of body perceived discomfort and trunk muscle fatigue during 1 hour of sitting in three postures in office workers. Methods: Thirty workers sat for 1 hour in one of three sitting postures (i.e., upright, slumped, and forward leaning postures). Body discomfort was assessed using the Body Perceived Discomfort scale at the beginning and after 1 hour of sitting. Electromyographic (EMG) signals were recorded from superficial lumbar multifidus, iliocostalis lumborum pars thoracis, internal oblique (IO)/transversus abdominis (TrA), and rectus abdominis muscles during 1 hour of sitting. The median frequency (MDF) of the EMG power spectrum was calculated. Results: Regardless of the sitting posture, the Body Perceived Discomfort scores in the neck, shoulder, upper back, low back, and buttock significantly increased after 1 hour of sitting compared with baseline values ($t_{(9)}=-11.97$ to -2.69, p < 0.05). The MDF value of the EMG signal of rectus abdominis, iliocostalis lumborum pars thoracis, and multifidus muscles was unchanged over time in all three sitting postures. Only the right and left IO/TrA in the slumped sitting posture was significantly associated with decreased MDF over time (p = 0.019 to 0.041). Conclusion: Prolonged sitting led to increased body discomfort in the neck, shoulder, upper back, low back, and buttock. No sign of trunk muscle fatigue was detected over 1 hour of sitting in the upright and forward leaning postures. Prolonged slumped sitting may relate to IO/TrA muscle fatigue, which may compromise the stability of the spine, making it susceptible to injury.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.126-131
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• 2013

Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain disorder caused by nervous system lesions as a direct consequence of a lesion or by disease of the portions of the nervous system that normally signal pain. The spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model in rats that reflect some components of clinical pain have played a crucial role in the understanding of neuropathic pain. To investigate the direct effects of gabapentin on differential gene expression in cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells of SNL model rats, we performed a differential display reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis with random priming approach using annealing control primer. Genes encoding metallothionein 1a, transforming growth factor-${\beta}1$ and palmitoyl-protein thioesterase-2 were up-regulated in gabapentin-treated DRG cells of SNL model rats. The functional roles of these differentially expressed genes were previously suggested as neuroprotective genes. Further study of these genes is expected to reveal potential targets of gabapentin.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2022.07a
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• pp.57-58
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• 2022

Sleep apnea (SA) is a common chronic sleep disorder that disrupts breathing during sleep. Clinically, the standard for diagnosing SA involves nocturnal polysomnography (PSG). However, this requires expert human intervention and considerable time, which limits the availability of SA diagnoses in public health sectors. Therefore, ECG-based methods for SA detection have been proposed to automate the PSG procedure and reduce its discomfort. We propose a preprocessing method to convert the one-dimensional time series of ECG into two-dimensional images using the Gramian Angular Field (GAF) algorithm, extract temporal features, and use a two-dimensional convolutional neural network for classification. The results of this study demonstrated that the proposed method can perform SA detection with specificity, sensitivity, accuracy, and area under the curve (AUC) of 88.89%, 81.50%, 86.11%, and 0.85, respectively. Our experimental results show that SA is successfully classified by extracting preprocessing transforms with temporal features.

• Molecular Medicine Reports
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.2476-2483
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• 2019

Atopic dermatitis (AD ) is an inflammatory skin disorder caused by immunological dysregulation and genetic factors. Whether the expression levels of cytokine and skin barrier protein were altered by S100 calcium binding protein A8 (S100A8) and S100A9 in human keratinocytic HaCaT cells was examined in the present study. Alterations of cytokine expression were examined by ELI SA following treatment with S100A8/9 and various signal protein-specific inhibitors. Activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and nuclear factor (NF)-κB was evaluated by using western blotting and an NF-κB activity test, respectively. The expression levels of interleukin (IL )-6, IL- 8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 increased following treatment with S100A8 and S100A9, and the increase was significantly blocked by specific signaling pathway inhibitors, including toll-like receptor 4 inhibitor (TLR 4i), rottlerin, PD98059, SB203580 and BAY-11-7085. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ER K) and p38 MAPK pathways were activated in a time-dependent manner following treatment with S100A8 and S100A9. Phosphorylation of ER K and p38 MAPK were blocked by TLR 4i and rottlerin. S100A8 and S100A9 induced translocation of NF-κB in a time-dependent manner, and the activation of NF-κB was inhibited by TLR 4i, rottlerin, PD98059 and SB203580. In addition, S100A8 and S100A9 decreased the expression of skin barrier proteins, filaggrin and loricrin. These results may help to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of AD and develop clinical strategies for controlling AD.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.11a
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• pp.75-84
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• 1996

Platelets from a patient with a mild inherited bleeding disorder and abnormal platelet aggregation and secretion show reduced generation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP$_3$), mobilization of intracellular Ca$\^$2+/, and phosphorylation of pleckstrin in response to several G protein mediated agonists, suggesting a possible defect at the level of phospholipase C (PLC) activation. A procedure was developed that allows quantitation of platelet PLC isozymes. After fractionation of platelet extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography, seven, out often known PLC isoforms were detected by immunoblot analysis. The amount of these isoforms in normal platelets decreased in the order PLC-${\gamma}$2 > PLC-${\beta}$2 > PLC-${\beta}$3 > PLC-${\beta}$l > PLC-${\gamma}$ > PLC-$\delta$1 > PLC-${\beta}$4. Compared with normal platelets, platelets from the patient contained approximately one-third the amount of PLC-${\beta}$2, whereas PLC-${\beta}$4 was increased threefold. These results suggest that the impaired platelet function in the patient in response to multiple G protein mediated agonists is attributable to a deficiency of PLC-${\beta}$2. They document for the first time a specific PLC isozyme deficiency in human platelets and provide an unique opportunity to understand the role of different PLC isozymes in normal platelet function.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.30 no.4 s.59
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• pp.805-814
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• 1997

Injuries to the menisci occur in a variety of ways, most commonly with a twist, pivot, squat, or valgus stress to the knee. Tear patterns are classified to longitudinal, horizontal, or transverse features according to the mechanism of injury. Work-related meniscal tear usually occurs with a repetitive usage of the foot, hence it can be classified as a cumulative traumatic disorder. We found a 47 year-old female worker who had been taking charge of repetitive foot-switch stepping for 8 years. She suffered from pain in the right knee since 5 months ago. Tenderness along the medial joint line of the right knee was observed and pain was aggravated with full flexion of the right knee. On magnetic resonance imaging, high signal intensity was observed at the posterior horn of the medial meniscus of the right knee. Degenerative longitudinal and transverse complex tear in the medial meniscus was observed on arthroscopy. Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy was performed. We surveyed the work process and the health status of co-workers. It turned out that the work process was compatible to injure the meniscus and nine out of fourteen co-worker(64.3%) complained pain of the knee. No other factors related to her meniscal tear could be found except for the situation at her work. Therefore, we conclude that meniscal tear is related to the repetitive stepping of foot switch.