• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.407-410
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• 2015

The aim of this study is to review the protective effect of a bicycle helmet on each facial location systematically. PubMed was searched for articles published before December 12, 2014. The data were summarized, and the odds ratio (OR) between the locations of facial injury was calculated. A statistical analysis was performed with Review Manager (The Nordic Cochrane Centre). Bicycle helmets protect the upper and middle face from serious facial injury but do not protect the lower face. Non-wearers had significantly increased risks of upper facial injury (OR, 2.07; P<0.001) and of middle facial injury (OR, 1.97; P<0.001) as compared to helmet users. In the case of lower facial injury, however, only a slightly increased risk (OR, 1.42; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.67-3.00, P=0.36) was observed. The abovementioned results can be attributed to the fact that a helmet covers the head and forehead but cannot cover the lower face. However, helmets having a chin cap might decrease the risk of lower facial injury.

• Medical Lasers
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2019

The plume produced by vaporizing tissue with a laser contains a variety of contaminants called laser-generated air pollutants (LGACs). LGACs consist of a mixture of toxic gas components, biomicroparticles, dead and living cells, and viruses. Toxic odors and thick smoke from surgical incisions and the coagulation of tissues can irritate eyes and airways, as well as cause bronchial and pulmonary congestion. Because of the potential risk of the smoke, it is advisable to appropriately remove it from the surgical site. We recommend using a smoke evacuator to remove the smoke. Suction nozzles should be placed as close as possible to the surgical site in a range of 2 cm or less. In-line filters should be used between the inlet and outlet of the surgical site. All air filtration devices should be capable of removing particles below 0.1 microns in size. The filter pack should be handled according to infection control procedures in the operating room. The laser mask can be an auxiliary protective device if it is properly worn. Some smoke inhaled under the nose wrap or over the side of the mask will not be filtered. As in electrosurgical operations, a suitable mask should be worn while smoke is present.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.147-154
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• 2021

Purpose: We analyzed the characteristics and outcomes of patients with bicycle-related injuries at a regional trauma center in northern Gyeonggi Province as a first step toward the development of improved prevention measures and treatments. Methods: The records of 239 patients who were injured in different types of bicycle-related accidents and transported to a single regional trauma center between January 2017 and December 2018 were examined. This retrospective single-center study used data from the Korea Trauma Database. Results: In total, 239 patients experienced bicycle-related accidents, most of whom were males (204, 85.4%), and 46.9% of the accidents were on roads for automobiles. Forty patients (16.7%) had an Injury Severity Score (ISS) of 16 or more. There were 125 patients (52.3%) with head/neck/face injuries, 97 patients (40.6%) with injuries to the extremities, 59 patients (24.7%) with chest injuries, and 21 patients (8.8%) with abdominal injuries. Patients who had head/neck/face injuries and an Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS) ≥3 were more likely to experience severe trauma (ISS ≥16). In addition, only 13 of 125 patients (10.4%) with head/neck/face injuries were wearing helmets, and patients with injuries in this region who were not wearing helmets had a 3.9-fold increased odds ratio of severe injury (AIS ≥2). Conclusions: We suggest that comprehensive accident prevention measures, including safety training and expansion of safety facilities, should be implemented at the governmental level, and that helmet wearing should be more strictly enforced to prevent injuries to the head, neck, and face.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.202-206
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• 2012

In this study, we developed transdermal direct drug delivery device using micro-needle painlessly. We has fabricated micro-needle that is 130 ${\mu}m$ thickness and 250 ${\mu}m$length with 10 ${\mu}m$ spiral groove for rolling down drug. Head part of micro-needle device is composed of 20ea micro-needles, an on-off valve and a protective cap. Glass bottle for containing drug is connected to head part of micro-needle device. We examined the puncture characteristic testing using porcine skin and drug delivery testing using porcine, rat skin with Indian Ink.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2006년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.878-884
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• 2006

Grounding fault and short of the DC power supply systems are detected and protected by high-speed circuit breaker, linked breaking device, ground relay and fault selective device, all of which are installed and operated in substaions. however, there have been many cases in which the protective devices did not detect grounding of of the over head catenary systems on concrete support for an extended period of time. Such cases often cause severe damages to the supports with high grounding resistances. If grounding accidents occur repetitively, the earth current and the rise of earth potential can damage not only passenger and staff but also electric facilities and equipment, necessitating high cost and endeavor to restore. The following study points out various problems that can be occurred occur as a result of high impedance grounding accident, and proposes a new system which can protect and intercept them.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.301-307
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• 2013

본 연구는 손, 머리, 복부 등의 X선 촬영 시에 발생되는 공간선량이 어느 정도인지를 알아보고, 산란선에 의한 공간선량의 강도가 "거리 역자승 법칙"에 의해 감쇠하는지를 파악했다. 첫째, 손처럼 X선 산란선 발생량이 적은 촬영의 공간선량은 대부분 "거리 역자승 법칙"에 근접한 감쇠가 이루어지면서, 2m 거리에서는 전혀 측정되지 않았다. 둘째, 머리나 복부처럼 X선 산란선 발생량이 많은 촬영의 공간선량은 조사야 중심을 기준으로 30cm에서 1m 거리까지는 "거리 역자승 법칙"보다 더 높은 비율의 감쇠가 이루어지고, 1m에서 2m 거리까지는 "거리 역자승 법칙"에 의한 감쇠가 이루어졌다. 따라서 X선 촬영실 내에서는 손 촬영의 경우 조사야 중심으로부터 적어도 2m 이상 떨어져 있어야 하고, 머리나 복부 촬영의 경우 촬영실 내 모든 공간에서 보호용구를 이용한 X선 피폭 방어조치가 요구된다.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.399-406
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• 2015

치과의료기관의 감염관리 수행 조사를 위해 2014년 6~7월 기간 동안 일부 지역사회 치과위생사 158명을 대상으로 기관, 감염관리자, 환자의 감염관리 수행을 자기기입식 설문조사하였다. 치과병원은 감염관리지침서 구비, 감염관리 담당자 지정, 정기감염관리 교육지원, 1인 멸균핸드피스 사용 비율은 57~74%였으나 치과의원은 13~20% 수준이었다(p<0.05). 감염관리자의 감염관리지침 인지는 치과병원 17.4%, 치과의원 5.9%였고 정기예방접종 시행은 치과병원 60.9%, 치과의원 34.1%였다(p<0.05). 환자의 손 위생 수행, 진료 전 칫솔질, 교차 감염 교육경험은 20% 미만이었고, 병력조사 협조는 90% 이상이었다(p<0.05). 감염관리 실천 상관분석 결과 기관 지원은 치과위생사 감염관리자실천, 환자감염관리협조, 개인방호실천, 진료실감염관리실천, 폐기물관리실천과 양의 상관관계를 나타내었으며 통계적으로 유의하게 분석되었다(p<0.05). 감염관리 실천을 위해 의료진, 환자, 기관의 지원과 협조가 요구되며 감염관리 관리자는 지속적인 교육을 통해 감염관리지침을 인지하고 실천할 것이 요구된다.