• Title/Summary/Keyword: Head loss

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A Study on the Influence of Fire Service Budget for Fire Service Force (소방예산이 소방력에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Jin-Dong
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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    • v.8 no.4
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    • pp.67-74
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    • 2008
  • Because the fire service demands are increasing and forms are diversified, the first thing you must do is to make up the fire service budget to keep fire service power sufficiently. Such budget allocation leads to supply enough fire service people want and results in social welfare satisfaction. If the budget of fire service is not enough to meet with its power, sufficient security of the fire fighters would be impossible. Also, when the urgent disasters occur, the government cannot cope with them effectively. In fact, loss of many lives and properties took place in some cities and kuns because of that. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of fire service budget for fire service force. To do this, this study reviews fire service budget, fire service force. And this study sets up three hypotheses based on the theoretical backgrounds and the past research. The statistical method used for the verification of hypotheses is multiple regression analysis. The analysis showed that fire service budget per head variable was positive significant, fire service budget ratio variable was not significant. Also, public facilities tax variable was negative significant. Therefore, the analysis showed that public facilities tax couldn't fill the role as a earmarked tax.

A novel herbal formulation consisting of red ginseng extract and Epimedium koreanum Nakai-attenuated dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice

  • Saba, Evelyn;Lee, Yuan Yee;Kim, Minki;Hyun, Sun-Hee;Park, Chae-Kyu;Son, Eunjung;Kim, Dong-Seon;Kim, Sung-Dae;Rhee, Man Hee
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.44 no.6
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    • pp.833-842
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    • 2020
  • Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a commonly encountered large intestine disease in the contemporary world that terminates into colorectal cancer; therefore, the timely treatment of UC is of major concern. Panax ginseng Meyer is an extensively consumed herbal commodity in South East Asian countries, especially Korea. It exhibits a wide range of biologically beneficial qualities for almost head-to-toe ailments in the body. Epimedium koreanum Nakai (EKN) is also a widely used traditional Korean herbal medicine used for treating infertility, rheumatism, and cardiovascular diseases. Materials and methods: Separately the anti-inflammatory activities of both red ginseng extracts (RGEs) and EKNs had been demonstrated in the past in various inflammatory models; however, we sought to unravel the anti-inflammatory activities of the combination of these two extracts in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in mice model because the allopathic remedies for UC involve more side effects than benefits. Results: Our results have shown that the combination of RGE + EKN synergistically alleviated the macroscopic lesions in DSS-induced colitic mice such as colon shortening, hematochezia, and weight loss. Moreover, it restored the histopathological lesions in mice and decreased the levels of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines through the repression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and nucleotide-binding domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP-3) expression. In vitro, this combination also reduced the magnitude of nitric acid (NO), proinflammatory mediators and cytokine through NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells. Conclusion: In the light of these findings, we can endorse this combination extract as a functional food for the prophylactic as well as therapeutic treatment of UC in humans together with allopathic remedies.

Clinical Cases Analysis of Forearm Free Fasciocutaneous Flaps on Oral Cavity Defect Area (구강 결손부에 적용된 요골 유리전완 피부피판 적용례 분석)

  • Kim, Uk-Kyu;Lee, Kwang-Ho;Song, Won-Wook;Hwang, Dae-Seok;Kim, Yong-Deok;Shin, Sang-Hun;Kim, Jong-Ryoul;Chung, In-Kyo
    • Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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    • v.32 no.4
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    • pp.324-331
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    • 2010
  • The radial forearm free flap (RFFF) has become a workhorse flap as a means of reconstructing surgical defects in the head and neck region. We have transferred 12 RFFFs with fasciocutaneous type on oral cavity defects in 12 patients after cancer resection and submucous fibrotic lesion ablation from 2005 to 2007 at Department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Pusan National University Hospital. We reviewed retrospectively patients' charts and followed up the patients. Clinical analysis on the cases with RFFFs focusing on flap morbidity, indications and available vessels was done. The results of study are follows: 1. RFFF could be applied for all kind of defects after resection of tongue, floor of mouth, buccal mucosa, denuded bone of palate, maxilla, and mandible. 2. All free flaps could be used for primary reconstruction. The survival rate of 12 RFFFs was 92%. Partial marginal loss of the flaps was shown as 3 cases among 12 cases. Large size-vessels like superior thyroid artery, facial artery, internal jugular vein were favorable for microvascular anastomosis. 3. Parenteral nutrition instead of nasal L-tube also can be favorable for postoperative a week for better healing of the flap if the patients couldn't be tolerable with nasal tubing. 4. Donor sites with thigh skin graft were repaired with wrist band for 2 weeks. The complications included scarring, abnormal sensation on hand, and reduced grip strength in few patients, but those didn't induce major side effects. 5. Most RFFFs were well healed even if mortality rate of cancer patients was shown as 50% (5/10 persons). The mortality of patients was not correlated with morbidity of the flaps. We could identify the usefulness of RFFF for restoration of oral function, esthetics if the flap design, tissue transfer indications, and well controlled operation are proceeded.

Finite element analysis of peri-implant bone stresses induced by root contact of orthodontic microimplant (치근접촉이 마이크로 임플란트 인접골 응력에 미치는 영향에 대한 유한요소해석)

  • Yu, Won-Jae;Kim, Mi-Ryoung;Park, Hyo-Sang;Kyung, Hee-Moon;Kwon, Oh-Won
    • The korean journal of orthodontics
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    • v.41 no.1
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    • pp.6-15
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    • 2011
  • Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical aspects of peri-implant bone upon root contact of orthodontic microimplant. Methods: Axisymmetric finite element modeling scheme was used to analyze the compressive strength of the orthodontic microimplant (Absoanchor SH1312-7, Dentos Inc., Daegu, Korea) placed into inter-radicular bone covered by 1 mm thick cortical bone, with its apical tip contacting adjacent root surface. A stepwise analysis technique was adopted to simulate the response of peri-implant bone. Areas of the bone that were subject to higher stresses than the maximum compressive strength (in case of cancellous bone) or threshold stress of 54.8MPa, which was assumed to impair the physiological remodeling of cortical bone, were removed from the FE mesh in a stepwise manner. For comparison, a control model was analyzed which simulated normal orthodontic force of 5 N at the head of the microimplant. Results: Stresses in cancellous bone were high enough to cause mechanical failure across its entire thickness. Stresses in cortical bone were more likely to cause resorptive bone remodeling than mechanical failure. The overloaded zone, initially located at the lower part of cortical plate, proliferated upward in a positive feedback mode, unaffected by stress redistribution, until the whole thickness was engaged. Conclusions: Stresses induced around a microimplant by root contact may lead to a irreversible loss of microimplant stability.

Effects of Hearing Protection Methods and Noise Directions on Bone-Conduction Sensitivity (청력보호구 종류와 소음 방향에 따른 골전도 민감도의 영향)

  • Han, Woojae;Yu, Jyaehyoung
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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    • v.32 no.5
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    • pp.423-429
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    • 2013
  • The present study aimed to find the most sensitive placement of the skull to perceive speech through the bone vibrator in various protection methods while being exposed to noise. Twenty young normal-hearing adults (10 male and 10 female) participated in the study. As stimulus, Korean spondee words were presented via one of five skull locations (i.e., jaw angle, condyle, temple, mastoid, and vertex), while the participants wore one of four protection methods (i.e., ear form, ear plug, ear muff, and ear form and muff together) against white noise in one of four noise directions (i.e., 0, 90, 180, 270 degrees). The results showed: 1) there was a significant difference among the five skull locations with condyle being the most sensitive placement; 2) there was a significant difference among the four protection methods, with the ear form plus ear muff condition (or dual protection) providing the lowest threshold; 3) when exposed to noise from 90 degrees, the significantly lowest threshold was found; 4) there was no significant difference in results by gender. The pattern of results suggests that the communicative condition via the condyle bone conduction and the dual protection of the air conduction under any noise direction might be ideal for preventing noise-induced hearing loss, although further studies should be undertaken in this area.

Design of the RF Front-end for L1/L2 Dual-Band GPS Receiver (L1/L2 이중-밴드 GPS 수신기용 RF 전단부 설계)

  • Kim, Hyeon-Deok;Oh, Tae-Soo;Jeon, Jae-Wan;Kim, Seong-Kyun;Kim, Byung-Sung
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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    • v.21 no.10
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    • pp.1169-1176
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    • 2010
  • The RF front-end for L1/L2 dual-band Global Positioning System(GPS) receiver is presented in this paper. The RF front-end(down-converter) using low IF architecture consists of a wideband low noise amplifier(LNA), a current mode logic(CML) frequency divider and a I/Q down-conversion mixer with a poly-phase filter for image rejection. The current bleeding technique is used in the LNA and mixer to obtain the high gain and solve the head-room problem. The common drain feedback is adopted for low noise amplifier to achieve the wideband input matching without inductors. The fabricated RF front-end using $0.18{\mu}m$ CMOS process shows a gain of 38 dB for L1 and 41 dB for L2 band. The measured IIP3 is -29 dBm in L1 band and -33 dBm in L2 band, The input return loss is less than -10 dB from 50 MHz to 3 GHz. The measured noise figure(NF) is 3.81 dB for L1 band and 3.71 dB for L2 band. The image rejection ratio is 36.5 dB. The chip size of RF front end is $1.2{\times}1.35mm^2$.

Development of Birdcage Resonator for Various Absorption Regions at 3T (3T MRI에서 흡수영역의 변화에 따른 Birdcage Resonator의 개발)

  • 이정우;최보영;윤성익;이형구;서태석;허순녕
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.54-58
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    • 2004
  • The aim of this study was to develop special birdcage resonators for small objects including the human wrist, hand and small animals, using 3T MRI/MRS. Before substantial development, different types of parameters were arranged, based on theoretical analysis, through lumped element transmission line theory. The primary analysis was peformed with a network analyzer (HP 4195A) and the final experimental analysis was carried out with 3T MRI (Medinus, Korea). The manufactured birdcage resonator is typically composed of 12-element structures to which a low-pass filter is fundamentally applied. The diameter and length of each element of the birdcage resonator were as follows: (1) diameter 12 cm, length of element 22 cm, (2) diameter 15 cm, length of element 22 cm, and (2) diameter 17 cm, length of element 25 cm. Copper tape with a width of 1 cm was used for the coils. MRI acquisition parameters were TR=500 ms, TE=17 ms, and Ave=2 for T1-WT images, and TR=4,000 ms, TE=96 ms, and Ave=2 for T2-WT images. The ratio of the samples diameter to the birdcage resonators diameter was approximately 55%, 63% and 70%, respectively, for the three elements. This study determined that the best image quality and S/N ratio were obtained when the ratio of the object's diameter was approximately 50∼80%. A general theoretical analysis of the birdcage coil differs in many respects from the experimental results which were influenced by many factors that were not considering when the general theoretical analysis of the birdcage coil was peformed. The induced resistance may be considered as part of the resistive loss if the quantitative value can be determined using a radiation resistance approach.

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Effects of Incubation and Thawing Temperature on Frozen-thawed Stallion Epididymal Spermatozoa (말의 정소상체 정자의 동결 후 해동 온도 및 Incubation의 효과)

  • Kim, Keun-Jung;Lee, Kyung-Bon;Lee, Ji-Hye;Kim, Eun-Young;Han, Kil-Woo;Park, Kang-Sun;Kim, Min-Kyu
    • Journal of Embryo Transfer
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.297-302
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    • 2013
  • Cryopreservation of epididymal spermatozoa offers a potential tool for rescuing genetic material from males of genetically elite populations. Castration, catastrophic injury, sudden death or any other event that makes semen collection or mating impossible may prematurely terminate a stallion reproduction. Stallion epididymal spermatozoa vary widely in the loss of progressive motility, acrosomal integrity, and viability during freezing and thawing. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of (1) freezing package types on cryopreservation efficiency, (2) thawing temperatures (37, 56 or $70^{\circ}C$) on Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) parameters and (3) post-thawing incubation time (0, 1, 2 or 4h) on castrated stallion epididymis. Post-thawed sperm motility ranged between 59.69% and 64.28% ($56^{\circ}C$ and $37^{\circ}C$) in various thawing temperatures. When stallion epididymis sperm was frozen, straw was better than freezing tube on VCL (Velocity of Curvilinear Line) and VAP (Velocity of Average Path) parameter. Higher percentage of motility was observed at $37^{\circ}C$ thawing temperature even though no significant difference was observed among various temperatures. The motility, VCL, ALH (Amplitude of Lateral Head displacement), VAP, BCF (Beat-Cross Frequency) and STR (Straightness index) parameter of post-thawed sperm were significantly decreased by increasing the incubation time for all thawing temperatures. The present study showed that type of freezing package (Straw vs. Freezing tube) was not significantly different on cryopreservation efficiency. Furthermore, stallion epididymal spermatozoa frozen-thawed at $37^{\circ}C$ for 1 min resulted the highest proportion of motility and velocity movement. In addition, motility and viability of frozen-thawed stallion epididymal spermatozoa were also decreased by incubation.

Studies on Intestinal Trematodes in Kores XIV. Infection Status of Loaches with Metacercariae of Echinostoma cinetoychis and Their Development in Albino Rats (한국의 간흡충에 관한 연구 XIV. 미꾸리의 이전고환극구흡충(Echinostoma cinertorchis) 피낭유충 감염상황 흰쥐내에서의 성장발육)

  • 서병설;박양의
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • v.22 no.2
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    • pp.181-189
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    • 1984
  • The metacercariae of Echinostoma cineterchis (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) were found infected in the loaches (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) purchased from two local markets in Korea. Identification of the metacercariae was done after obtaining adult worms from experimentally infected albino rats. Brief course of worm development in rats was also observed up to 28th post-infection day. The results are as follows: 1. The metacercariae of E. cinetorchis were detected from 5 (10.9%) out of 46 loaches examined and the average metacercarial burden per infected loach was 34.4. They were always found from the posterior abdominal wall. 2. The worm recovery rate from 8 rats was 24.6% in average. It was observed that the rate decreased according to age of infection; from 40.7% after 6 days to 15.0% after 28 days. 3. The adult worms were morphologically characterized by the presence of head crown with derfally uninterrupted collar spines, 37-38 in number, and the tendency of migration or disappearance of testes. So that they were identified as Echinostoma cinetorchis Ando et Ozaki, 1923. 4. The development of worm was very rapid during 6-10 days after infection and became much slower thereafter. During the rapid worm growth the development of genital organs was more prominent than that of non-genital organs. From the results it is concluded that the loach is involved in the life cycle of E. cinetorchis in this country and may take a role for infection source to animals and man. It is also confirmed that migration or loss of testes is the distinct specific character of this echinostomatid fluke.

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Simultaneous Carbon and Nitrogen Removal Using an Integrated System of High-Rate Anaerobic Reactor and Aerobic Biofilter (고효율 혐기성반응조 및 호기성여상 조합시스템에 의한 질소·유기물 동시 제거)

  • Sung, Moon Sung;Chang, Duk;Seo, Seong Cheol;Chung, Bo Rim
    • Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.55-65
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    • 1999
  • AF(anaerobic filter)/BAF(biological aerated filter) system and UASB(upflow anaerobic sludge blanket)/BAF system, of which system effluents were recirculated to the anaerobic reactors in each system, were operated in order to investigate the performance in simultaneous removal of organics and nitrogen in high-strength dairy wastewater. Advanced anaerobic treatment processes of AF and UASB were evaluated on applicability as pre-denitrification reactors, and BAF was also evaluated on the performance in oxidizing the remaining organics and ammonia nitrogen. At system HRTs of 4.0 to 4.5 days and recirculation ratios of one to three, the AF/BAF system could achieve more than 99% of organics removals and 64 to 78% of total nitrogen removals depending upon the recirculation ratio. Although the UASB/BAF system also showed more than 99% of organics removals, total nitrogen removals in the UASB/BAF system were 53 to 66% which are lower than those in the AF/BAF system at the corresponding recirculation ratios. Optimum recirculation ratios considering simultaneous removal of organics and nitrogen and cost-effectiveness, were in the range of two to three. The upflow AF packed with crossflow module media, as a primary treatment of the anaerobic reactor/BAF system, showed better performances in denitrification, SS removals, and gas production than the UASB. Higher loading rate of suspended solids from the UASB increased the backwashing times in the following BAF. Especially, at a recirculation ratio of three in the UASB/BAF system, the increase in head loss due to clogging in the BAF caused frequent backwashing, at least once d day. The BAF showed the high nitrification efficiency of average 99.2% and organics removals more than 90% at organics loading rate less than $1.4KgCOD/m^3/d$ and $COD/NH_3-N$ ratio less than 6.4. It was proved that the simplified anaerobic reactor/BAF system could maximize the organics removal and achieve high nitrogen removal efficiencies through recirculation of system effluents to the anaerobic reactor. The AF/BAF system can, especially, be a cost effective and competitive alternative for the simultaneous removal of organics ana nitrogen from wastewaters.

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