• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.22-26
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• 2012

Prasad and Mertz published head injury risk curves for skull fracture and for Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) ${\geq}4$ brain injury due to forehead impacts based on the 15 ms HIC criterion. KNCAP adopted the HIC36 criterion for the male dummy and the HIC15 criterion for the female dummy. In this paper, it was studied that which of the HIC15 and HIC36 was more effective for the male dummy head injury evaluation. The frontal US-NCAP data for the 7 vehicles from the NHTSA test database were used to evaluate the head injuries. In the case of using the HIC15 and evaluation range 250~700, the discrimination of the rating for the occupant head injury was increased.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.223-229
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• 2012

Purpose: The arterial base deficit and the serum lactate level are widely recognized indicators of injury severity, adequacy of resuscitation and outcome. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of the arterial base deficit as an injury-severity indicator in multiple-trauma patients with head injuries. Methods: Data were retrospectively collected from trauma patients over 18 years of age who had been admitted at the emergency center between October 2005 and July 2006. The patients were divided into head-injury and non-head-injury groups. These patients were then sub-divided into minor ($$ISS{\leq_-}15$$)-injury and major ($$ISS{\geq_-}16$$)-injury groups according to their injury severity scores (ISS). We analyzed the differences in the base deficits and the serum lactate levels between the major- and the minor-injury sub-groups in both the head-injury and the non-head-injury groups. Results: In the non-head-injury group, we found statistically significant differences in the arterial base deficit between the major-injury and the minor-injury sub-groups($-6.86{\pm}2.40mmol/L$ vs. $-1.37{\pm}0.73mmol/L$, p=0.010). In the head-injury group, no significant differences were noted between the two sub-groups($-2.50{\pm}1.28mmol/L$ vs. $-1.51{\pm}0.74mmol/L$, p=0.897). Moreover, the differences in arterial base deficit between the major-injury and the minor-injury sub-groups were not significant both for either single-head-trauma or multiple-head-trauma patients (p=0.643 vs. p=0.832). Conclusion: We conclude that neither the arterial base deficit nor the serum lactate level can be used to predict injury severity in multiple-trauma patients with head injuries.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.1424-1431
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• 2005

In this study, head injury by impact force was evaluated by numerical analysis with 3-dimensional finite element (FE) model. Brain deformation by frontal head impact was analyzed to evaluate traumatic brain injury (TBI). The variations of head acceleration and intra-cranial pressure (ICP) during the impact were analyzed. Relative displacement between the skull and the brain due to head impact was investigated from this simulation. In addition, pathological severity was evaluated according to head injury criterion (HIC) from simulation with FE model. The analytic result of brain damage was accorded with that of the cadaver test performed by Nahum et al.(1977) and many medical reports. The main emphasis of this study is that our FE model was valid to simulate the traumatic brain injury by head impact and the variation of the HIC value was evaluated according to various impact conditions using the FE model.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.149-153
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• 2016

Objective : The aim of the present study is to estimate the incidence trend of head injury and the mortality based on traffic accident statistics and to investigate the impacts of rapid industrialization and economic growth on epidemiology of head injury in Korea over the period 1970-2012 including both pre-industrialized and post-industrialized stages. Methods : We collected data of head injury estimated from traffic accident statistics and seven hospital based reports to see incidence trends between 1970 and 2012. We also investigated the population structure and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita of Korea over the same period. The age specific data were investigated from 1992 to 2012. Results : The incidence of head injury gradually rose in the 1970s and the 1980s but stabilized until the 1990s with transient rise and then started to decline slowly in the 2000s. The mortality grew until 1991 but gradually declined ever since. However, the old age groups showed rather slight increase in both rates. The degree of decrease in the mortality has been more rapid than the incidence on head injury. Conclusion : In Korea during the low income stage, rapid industrialization cause considerable increase in the mortality and the incidence of head injury. During the high income stage, the incidence of head injury gradually declined and the mortality dropped more rapidly than the incidence due to preventive measures and satisfactory medical care. Nevertheless, the old age groups revealed rather slight increase in both rates owing to the large population structure and the declining birth rate.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.99-105
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• 2004

The car seat head restraint is used for neck injury(whiplash injury) prevention in rear end impacts. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the seat head restraints for the total number of 34 domestic cars. H-POINT machine and HRMD(head restraint measuring device) were applied to measure backset(the distance between head and seat head restraint) and height(height gap between head and seat head restraint). For tendency study of driver's head position, we took the 320 driver's pictures in the street. As results, There were only five percent drivers in good and acceptable zone. For car seat head restraint system, the results was 9 cars for good zone, 10 cars for acceptable zone, 9 cars for marginal zone and 6 cars for poor zone were evaluated. For a precise evaluation the of whiplash injury, detailed FE neck model will be developed and the clinical database should be constructed for model validation.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.100-106
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• 2013

Objective : To investigate the cases of intracranial abnormal brain MRI findings even in the negative brain CT scan after mild head injury. Methods : During a 2-year period (January 2009-December 2010), we prospectively evaluated both brain CT and brain MRI of 180 patients with mild head injury. Patients were classified into two groups according to presence or absence of abnormal brain MRI finding even in the negative brain CT scan after mild head injury. Two neurosurgeons and one neuroradiologist validated the images from both brain CT scan and brain MRI double blindly. Results : Intracranial injury with negative brain CT scan after mild head injury occurred in 18 patients (10.0%). Headache (51.7%) without neurologic signs was the most common symptom. Locations of intracranial lesions showing abnormal brain MRI were as follows; temporal base (n=8), frontal pole (n=5), falx cerebri (n=2), basal ganglia (n=1), tentorium (n=1), and sylvian fissure (n=1). Intracranial injury was common in patients with a loss of consciousness, symptom duration >2 weeks, or in cases of patients with linear skull fracture (p=0.00013), and also more frequent in multiple associated injury than simple one (35.7%>8.6%) (p=0.105). Conclusion : Our investigation showed that patients with mild head injury even in the negative brain CT scan had a few cases of intracranial injury. These findings indicate that even though the brain CT does not show abnormal findings, they should be thoroughly watched in further study including brain MRI in cases of multiple injuries and when their complaints are sustained.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.393-395
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• 2005

Cerebral infarction rarely occur following head injury. The authors present the case of a 39-year-old man with complete infarction in the middle cerebral artery[MCA] and anterior cerebral artery[ACA] territories ccurred immediately after head injury. He had compound depressed fracture in right frontal bone with no neurological deficit. After the depressed bone elevation, postoperative computed tomography scan showed the right MCA and ACA territory infarction with midline shift. Cerebral angiography obtained on the day after emergent decompressive craneictomy showed the complete occlusion of the internal carotid artery[ICA] at the level of lacerum ICA segment. There was no evidence of neck vessel dissection and basal skull fracture. Cerebral infarction can occur in an ultraearly period after head injury without neck vessel dissection or basal skull fracture. We stress the need for attention to the cerebral infarction as the cause of a rare neurological deterioration of the head trauma.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.464-475
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• 1992

Head Injuries due to traffic accidents are now the leading cause of death and long term disability in males between 30-50 years. Many patients with head injuries experience mild dysfunction of cognition without major neurosurgical problems, and this may interfere with successful rehabilitation. However, not many studies have been done to investigate the cognitive functioning following mild head injuries. The purpose of this study was to obtain injured patient's dermographic data including medical, neuropsychological and social data, and to investigate the cause of injury and alcohol use at the time of injury. This study focused on the recovery of cognitive function in patients with head injuries and used the Mini Mental State Examination(MMSE) score and its correlation with dermographic and social data. Data on 77 patients with minor head injuries who were admitted to the department of Neurosurgery in 3 and I hospital in Dae Jun from September 1991 to February 1992 were analyzed. The findings of this study are as follows ; 1) Out of the 77 cases reviewed in this study, 62 were male, 15 were female. 2) A higher incidence of injury was observed between 7:00 PM and 12:00 PM. 3) The most common cause of head injury in traffic accidents was pedestrian accidents, and the next most frequent cause was motorcycle accidents. 4) Thirteen of the 77 cases in this study were under the influence of alcohol at the time of injury, and they were all male. 5) The MMSE scores one month after injury and at discharge were significantly lower in patients with head injuries that included skull fractures than in patients without skull fractures, suggesting lower cognitive function in patients with skull fractures. 6) The level of consciousness at admission and three days after admission measured by the GCS for drivers under the influence of alcohol was lower than for sober drivers. The MMSE score was also lower for drunken drivers. 7) The MMSE score one month after the injury had a reciprocal relationship with the age of the patient. 8) The MMSE score one month after the injury and at discharge were highly correlated with the duration of unconsciousness. 9) The MMSE score one month after injury and at discharge were highly correlated with the GCS scores at admission, three days after admission, and one week after admission.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.303-304
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• 2013

Rhabdomyolysis is a rare but potentially life-threatening disorder caused by the release of injured skeletal muscle components into the circulation. The authors report a case of severe head injury, in which a hyperosmolar state and continuous seizure complicated by severe rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure evolved during the course of treatment resulted in a fatal outcome despite intensive supportive treatment. Our bitter experience suggests that rhabdomyolysis should be born in mind in patients with severe head injury who may develop hyperosmolar state and continuous seizure.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 2010

In recent years, a large number of study for rear impact has been conducted and as a result of study, researchers proposed the neck injury criteria and test procedures. But many questions, related to injury criteria and dummy biomechanical levels, remain unresolved. In recently reports, rear impact motions of BioRIDIIg is not humanlike but better than other dummy(HybridIII, RID3d). So, in this paper, 4 times sled test would be done to find the substitutable neck injury criteria in BioRIDIIg. To review corelation trend with neck injury critera and head-neck movement, we compared with recently announced neck injury criteria(NIC, Nkm, T1 ect.) and head-neck X-direction movement in BioRIDIIg. Finally, we find the head-neck X-direction movement on head C.G to T1 point may be considerable as the additional neck injury criteria.