• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.249-257
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• 1982

The aim of this study was to observe the relationships between the amount of menstrual blood loss (MBL) and age, parity, number of pregnancy and induced abortion, and the iron nutriture in married Korean women. Fifty-one healthy women aged 26 to 48 years were tested for their MBL, hemoglobin(Hb) concentration, hematocrit (Hct) value, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), serum iron and ferritin concentrations. The results of this study are summarized as follows : 1) The mean value and standard error of mean of the MBL was $32.0{\pm}3.94ml$, and the range of MBL was 3.8-127.2 ml for total subjects. Maximum number (23.5%) of the subjects fell in the group with MBL of 10-l9ml, while 17.7% showed MBL above 50m1. 2) There were no statistically significant differences on the mean amount of MBL between the age groups 25-48 years. 3) The mean amount of MBL in 1-2 and 3-4 para groups were 28.5 and 36.1 ml, respectively, but the difference between two groups was not significant 4) It was observed that the mean amount of MBL was gradually decreased as the number of pregnancy and induced abortion were increased, but the significance was not observed. 5) The mean values of Hb concentration, MCHC and serum iron concentration were slightly decreased in subjects with MBL of more than 50ml but the statistical significance was not observed. The mean of Hct value was not influenced by the amount of MBL. While serum ferritin concentrations were markedly decreased and the prevalence rate of anemia was markedly increased as the amount of MBL was increased. There was significant difference (P<0.05) between the mean amount of MBL with respect to the serum ferritin concentration.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.29-33
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• 1998

The present study was designed to compare the nutrient intake and iron status of athletic female students majoring in aerobics (n=18) to those of age-matched(20-22 yr) sedentary controls (n=19). The athletic students were exercising regularly for 9.1$\pm$1.4 hrs/wk and the mean training period of aerobics was 2.9$\pm$0.2 years. Means of height, weight, and body mass index calculated as the Quetlet index were similar between athletic and sedentary students. However, mean body fat % of the athletic students (22.3$\pm$1.0%) was significantly lower than that of the sedentary controls (25.8$\pm$0.6%), indicating the effects of routine exercise. Mean daily iron intake was not significantly different between groups (9.9$\pm$0.7 mg vs. 10.9$\pm$0.8 mg), but much lower than the Korean RDA (18 mg/d) in both groups. Dietary calcium intake of the athletic students was significantly lower than that of the sedentary controls. Hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin (Hb) values were significantly lower in the athletic students than in the sedentary students (Hct : 40.0$\pm$0.7% vs. 43.8$\pm$0.5% ; Hb : 12.6$\pm$0.3g/dl vs. 14.8$\pm$0.3 g/dl). However, other iron status values such as serum iron, TIBC, and transferrin saturation were not significantly different between groups. Therefore, the low hemoglobin levels in the athletic group are probably due to plasma dilution in endurance-trained individuals. Serum ferritin level was a little lower in the athletic group, but no significant difference between groups was found. Serum triglyceride concentration in the athletic students was significantly lower than that in the control students. In conclusion the findings suggest that regular training of female athletes majoring in aerobics is associated with an increased risk of pseudoanemia due to plasma volume expansion and a decreased risk of coronary heart disease by decreasing body fat and blood lipid level.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.18
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• pp.7831-7834
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• 2014

Objective: To explore the influence of different ways of blood transfusion on the expression levels of interleukins (IL) and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) inperi-operative patients with esophageal cancer. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent radical operations were selected as study patients and randomly divided into an observation group (treated with autologous blood transfusion) and control group (with homologous blood transfusion). Changes of intra-operative indexes and peri-operative blood indexes, from hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit value (Hct), to levels of inflammatory factors like interleukins-6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) were compared. Results: Operations for patients in both groups were successfully conducted, and no significant differences in mean surgical duration and intra-operative hemorrhage volume, fluid infusion volume and blood transfusion volume were detected (p>0.05). Compared with values before surgery, Hb and Hct levels decreased significantly while white blood cell count (WBC) increased 1, 5 and 7 d after operation (p<0.05, p<0.01). In addition, WBC was apparently higher in observation group than in control group 5 and 7 d after operation (p<0.01). Compared with before surgery, in the observation group, levels of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 had no significant differences after operation (P>0.05), but TNF-${\alpha}$ level increased y (p<0.01), whereas in control group, IL-6 level had no significant difference (p>0.05), IL-8 level decreased obviously (p<0.05), IL-10 level increased markedly first and then decreased gradually as time passed but its level remained elevated (p<0.01), and TNF-${\alpha}$ level increased first and then decreased, and there was no significant difference 7 d after operation (p>0.05). Conclusions: Decreased IL-8 and increased IL-10 levels are two important reasons for immunosuppression after homologous blood transfusion, whereas autologous blood transfusion can alleviate this while increasing the TNF-${\alpha}$ level, which also has potential to improve anti-tumor immunity in the human body.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.575-583
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• 2003

To evaluate the effect of cereal supplementation on children's iron nutritional status of Korean institutionalized was designed. Dietary survey was carried out methods of food weighting in the breakfast or/and dinner, and record interview in lunch (n=74). A nutritional intervention study was carried out through supplementing cereal for 4 weeks in 24 children of 1 institution from 4 to 12 years. The children received 3.6mg elemental Fe(as 100g cereal) per day. Blood samples were drawn before and after supplementation. Nutrients which children's intake was less than two-thirds of Korean RDA were Vit A, Vit B1, Vit B2, Ca and Fe. The mean daily intakes of iron were 5.1mg for male and 4.9mg for female and 52.3% for male and 45.4% for female of Korean RDA. The proportions of children with iron depletion assessed by TIBC(>360mg/dl) and serum ferritin(<20ng/ml) were 56.6% and 58.7%, respectively. The proportions of children with the iron deficient erythropoiesis assessed by serum iron(<70ml/dl), Hb(<12g/dl), and Hct(<36%) were 76.0%, 58.7%, and 64.0%, respectively. After cereal supplementation, in anemic children, levels of Hct(p<0.001), serum iron(p<0.001) and transferrin saturation(p<0.001) were significantly increased. The effect of cereal supplementation in children with iron deficient erythropoeisis was more effective to improve the iron nutritional status than children with iron depletion. It was concluded that cereal supplementation program in anemic children was also effective to improve iron nutritional status.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.77-82
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to measure whole blood viscosity (WBV) and then to establish its reference values and identify correlation between WBV and hematology or serum chemistry in beagle. The experiment was made up of 82 healthy beagle dogs. Jugular vein blood samples (10 ml) were collected. WBV (cP) measured within 4 hours after collection by U-shaped scanning capillary-tube viscometer ($BVD-PRO1^{(R)}$) which is capable of measuring yield stress and viscosity of whole blood continuously over a wide range of shear rates from $1s^{-1}$ to $1000s^{-1}$ is new type of capillary tube viscometer and calculates viscosity using Casson fluid model. Measured values of WBV, Complete blood cell count, serum chemistry were analyzed by RM-ANOVA test. Mean diastolic and systolic WBV (cP) were $29.032{\pm}6.137$ and $4.528{\pm}0.865$. Bodyweight (BW), Red blood cell count (RBC), Hemoglobin (HGB), Hematocrit (HCT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Cholestetol (CHOL), Total protein (TP), Globulin, Chloride (Cl), Fibrinogen, were statistically correlated with WBV over whole range of shear rates (p < 0.05). This study newly evaluated reference values of WBV by U-shaped viscometer in beagle. Correlation between WBV and BW, RBC, HGB, HCT, ALP, CHOL, TP, Globulin, Cl, Fibrinogen was presented.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.164-174
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• 1999

The purpose of this study were to assess iron status and obesity in 82 middle aged women living in Kangnung area. Anthropometric measurements were taken for body weight, height, percentage of body fat and circumferences of waist and hip. Venous blood samples were drawn from subjects for measurement of hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(Hct), serum iron(Fe), total iron binding capacity(TIBC), transferrin saturation(TS) and serum ferritin. Dietary intakes of iron(heme iron and nonheme iron), the amounts of MPF(meat, poultry and fish) and ascorbic acid were assessed by modified 24-hr recall method. The results obtained are summarized as follows : Postmenopausal women had more body fat than premenopausal women. That is, postmenopausal women tend to be obeser than premenopausal women. There was no difference in Hb, Hct, Fe, TIBC and TS between pre- and postmenopausal women. But the serum ferritin concentration of postmenopausal women(83.7$\pm$42.1ng/ml) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than premenopausal women(56.4$\pm$41.0ng/ml). Prevalences of iron deficiency (20%, 20.0% and 17.1% respectively) of postmenopausal women. The mean daily intakes of total iron in pre- and postmenopausal women were 17.5$\pm$9.3mg and 15.6$\pm$6.9mg, respectively. Bioavailabilities of dietary iron were 6.5% and 4.5% in pre- and post-groups. These results indicate that individual dietary guidelines should be used to educate middle-aged women different in status of menopause. For example, premenopausal women should increase nutritional iron status and postmenopausal women should try to prevent obesity.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.481-490
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• 2016

This study was designed to examine the effects of Allium hookeri (AH) on plasma blood glucose and fat profile levels in diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats through injection of streptozotocin (STZ) dissolved in citrate buffer into tail veins at a dose of 45 mg/kg of body weight. Sprague-Dawley rats were then fed for 4weeks, with the experimental groups receiving a modified diet containing 5% or 10% powder derived from AH roots. The experimental groups were divided into four groups, consisting of a control group, STZ-control group, and diabetic fed with AH 5% & 10% treated groups. Rats' body weights, blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), and free fatty acid (FFA) values in plasma were measured along with hematocrit (Hct) values and aminotransferase activities. Body weight losses were observed in the STZ-control group, whereas the STZ-AH group of diabetic rats gained weight. There was a significantly decrease in brain weight of the STZ-AH group but no significant differences in kidney and liver weights of the STZ-AH 5% & STZ-AH 10% groups compared to the STZ-control group. Blood glucose was significantly reduced in the STZ-AH 5% & STZ-AH 10% diabetic groups. There were no significant differences in total cholesterol and TG levels among the diabetic groups. HDL-cholesterol significantly increased while FFA significantly decreased in the STZ-AH 5% & STZ-AH 10% diabetic groups. The Hct level of the STZ-AH group was lower than that of the STZ-control group. Aspartate aminotransferase activity was significantly reduced in the STZ-AH 5% & STZ-AH 10% diabetic groups. These results indicate that supplementation with Allium hookeri root may have beneficial effects on diabetic complications as a potential therapeutic candidate.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.147-151
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• 2006

Although various automated CBC analyzers with different WBC analytical principles were consequently introduced to clinical laboratory, the specific information concerning the suitability or unsuitability of aging samples is scarce. For this reason, we studied the effect of storage duration and temperature on CBC parameter in SE-9000 (SYSMEX Medical Electronics Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan), automated CBC analyzer. We tested 32 K3-EDTA specimens with SE-9000 during 72 hours. Specimens were kept at room temperature (RT) and refrigerated and were analyzed at 0 hr, 4 hr, 8 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr and 72 hr after the collection of the specimens. The percentage changes from initial value for each parameters were calculated. Among the CBC parameters, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and platelets were stable for the study period at both temperatures. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV), hematocrit (Hct) and red cell distribution (RDW) increased and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) decreased over time at room temperature. These parameters were stable when refrigerated. The leukocyte count was stable during 72hr at RT and when refrigerated. At room temperature, the relative percentages of neutrophils tend to increase, whereas those of lymphocyte and monocytes tend to decrease after 48 hours. When refrigerated, those of neutrophils and monocytes tend to increase, whereas those of lymphocytes tend to decreased over time. CBC parameters of refrigerated specimen were reliable for 72 hr for the exception of differential count from 24 hr but many CBC parameters, such as MCV, Hct, MCHC, RDW and differential count of leukocyte of blood stored at room temperature for 24 hr were unreliable.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.59-71
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to assess the iron nutritional status and dietary iron availability of postmenopausal women residing in Jeonju area. The anthropometric parameters, nutrient intake and biochemical status of iron were measured from 57 postmenopausal women aged 50∼74 years old. Mean values of hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(Hct), serum iron(Fe), total iron binding capacity(TIBC) and serum ferritin(Ferritin) concentration were 12.82${\pm}$1.03g/dl, 37.68${\pm}$2.99%, 92.60${\pm}$46.66ug/dl, 353.0${\pm}$54.48ug/dl, 86.86${\pm}$100.7ug/ιrespectively. Prevalence of iron deficiency greatly varied by indices from 14.04% when judged by Ferritin(<20ug/ι) to 40.4% by TIBC(>360${\mu}$g/dl. The anemic subjects assessed with Hct percent(36%) represented 22.8%, whereas 21.1% of the subjects possessed less than 12g/dl of Hb. Ferritin concentration showed a significantly negative correlation with TIBC(r=-0.343, p<0.01) and a positive correlation with MCHC(r=0.361, p<0.01). The mean daily intake of iron was 10.62mg and intake of heme iron was 5.3%(0.56mg) of total iron intake. Total absorbable iron caculated by the method of Monsen was 0.49mg anti bioavailability of dietary iron was 4.61%. Ferritin Concentration was positively associated with total iron intake(r=0.264, p<0.05), dietary nonheme iron(r=0.286, p<0.05) and iron of animal food (r=0.364, p<0.01). But Ferritin concentration was not correlated dietary heme iron(r=-0.137, p>0.05). Major food groups of iron intake were vegetables(20.15%), cereals(19.59%) and fishes(12.34%) in postmenopausal women. Intake of eggs was positively associated with Ferritin(r=0.473, p<0.01).

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.243-252
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• 2000

This study examined the effects of excess intake of calcium(Ca) and iron(Fe) supplements on iron bioavailability, liver and kidney functions in anemic model rats. Seven-week-old female rats were first fed and Fe-deficient diet for ten weeks, and then fed one of nine experimental diets for an additional eight weeks, containing three levels of Ca, normal (0.5%) or high(1.5%) or excess (2.5%) and three levels of Fe, normal(35ppm) or high(210 ppm) or excess(350ppm). In anemic model rats, serum Fe, total iron binding capacity(TIBC), hemogolin(Hb), hematocrit(Hct) and liver Fe contents were significantly decreased. Apparent Fe absorption significantly increased with increasing dietary Fe levels, and decreased with increasing dietary Ca levels. serum Fe concentration significantly increased in rats fed a high- and excess-Fe diet, and decreased in rats fed a excess-Ca diet. TIBC was decreawed in rats fed a excess-Ca diet, and transferrin saturation(%) increased in rats fed ahigh- and excess-Fe diet. Hb and Hct were decreased in rats fed an excess-Ca diet regardless of dietary Fe levels. Fe and thiobarbituric acid reactin gsubstance(TBARS) Contents of liver significantly increased in rats fed a high- and excess0-Fe diet, and decreased in rats fed a high- and excess-Ca diet. Fe content of the spleen showed similar results. Urinary creatinine and GFR increased in rats fed an excess-Ca diet regardless of dietary Fe levels. GOT, GPT and LDH were not significantly affected by dietary Ca and Fe levels. These results suggest that excess intake of Fe may increase liver Fe deposits and TBARS, and excess intake of Ca may decrease Fe bioavailability and kidney function leading to potential health problems in anemic model rats.