• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.241-249
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• 2023

Following the Animal genetic resource for food and agriculture (AnGR) is considered as an independent resource for the possessing country, ensuring the sovereignty of AnGR is important. The present study investigated the growth and egg production performance of six breed enrolled in DAD-IS for the purpose of securing scientific data on AnGR in Korea. A total of 323 chickens (female 181, male 142) were used in this study, with the following six breeds: Korean Leghorn (LEG), Gyeongbuk Araucana (ARA), Korean native chicken (KNC), Korean Ogye (Ogye), Hyunindak (HIL), Heongseongyakdak (HYD). The body weight of male ARA from hatching to 32 weeks of age was the highest among the breeds, and LEG and Ogye were relatively lower (P<0.0001, excluded body weight data of HYD). The body weight of female ARA was the highest and HYD was significantly the lowest among the female chicken breeds (P<0.0001). The laying percentage was the highest in LEG and was the lowest in HYD among the breeds (P<0.0001). The average egg weight from 20 to 40 weeks of age was the highest in ARA, followed by LEG and was the lowest in Ogye (P<0.0001), and the adapted breed including LEG and ARA was higher than indigenous breed (P<0.05). Egg mass production was the highest in Korean Leghorn. Collectively, these results show that ARA has the best growth ability, and LEG has the best egg production performance among the used breeds. This suggests that the adapted breed with high commercial performance is important AnGR in Korea.

• Sim-seong Yeon-gu
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• v.27 no.1_2
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• pp.28-70
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• 2012

In Jungian psychology, creation myths regard as the story of unconscious and preconscious processes(projection of archaic identity) which describe not necessary the origin of our cosmos, but the origin of man's conscious awareness of the world. Therefore projections have nothing to do with matter itself but experience of one's own unconscious. Jung emphasizes importance to understand projection in individual's conscious experience rather than in philosophical doctrine. The purpose of this thesis is to explore unconscious process of creation myths with egg symbolism in clinical cases to present universal feature of Cosmic/alchemical egg. Psychologically, creation myths retold when human mind needs new order. Depending on the attitude of ego, it can be sudden expansion of consciousness or contamination of ego by unconscious. In this study, 'chaos(messa confusa)' in creation myths as archaic identity, experience of uroboros or infant, and nigredo state in alchemy. 'Separation of primordial parents' as beginning of consciousness refers to separatio operation in alchemical process. 'Light' as attainment of consciousness. Discussion of psychological meaning of egg starts with amplification which include the concept of cosmic/alchemical/philosophical egg. Egg symbolism in this study refers to emergence of egg, tapas/brooding of egg, and separation of egg. Emergence of egg as a state of preconscious totality, psychic wholeness conceived as the thing which came before the rise of ego consciousness. Discussion of conceptssuch as Shiva bindu, hiranyagharba, germ of gold, Tathāgatagarbha follows. 'Tapas/brooding of egg' as concentration of all psychic energy into one point for self reflection. Discussion includes The I Ching Hexagram 61, image of brooding egg identified with inner truth, Wonhyo's concept of jikwansasang, and Gnostic idea of Ennoia, introverted act of thinking, as well as the concept of 'Night Sea Journey'. 'Separation or hatching of egg' regarded as the idea of sudden illumination, Phanes, the shining God, and "sun-point," in alchemy. Birth of fledgling as birth of new personality. As a conclusion, psychological meaning of cosmic egg/creation myths is the story of separating from 'Not-I'(unconscious, object, undifferentiated) to 'I'(ego, subject, differentiated) which shares the same meaning as individuation process.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.187-198
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• 1970

The author succeeded in rearing the young blue crab from the first stage of zoe ato the true crab shape, and during this time he observed their growth and metamorphosis. The relationships between the number of eggs carried by female crabs (E) and the carapace width (C) and body weight (W) are shown as follows: E= 27.9049C-281.8155, E=0.5682 W-116.4606. There are five zoeal stages and a megalopa in the complete larval development of the blue crab. Water temperature in rearing aquaria ranged from 21.4 to $25.2^{\circ}C$. The duration of each zoeal stage was two days on the average. After the fifth moulting, the zoea becomes megalopa and 5 to 6 days later the megalopa moults and develops into the first stage of adult crab shape. The carapace width of megalopa measured about 1.70 mm and the carapace length, from the tip of the rostrum to the posterior dorsal margin of the carapace, was about 2.78 mm on the average. The carapace width and length of the first crab, 18 days after hatching, measured about 4.48 mm and 2.62 mm respectively. After two days, the first crab moulted and grew into the second crab with about 6.47 mm in carapace width and 4.66 mm in carapace length. The larval rearing in the outdoor tank shelved better results than in the indoor aquarium. The highest mortality occurred when the first stage of zoea moulted into the second stage. Percentage of crabs which survived, from the first crab to the ninth crab stages, was about $55\%$. The relationships between rearing days (D) and the carapace width (C), carapace length (L) and body weight (W) of the crab stages during 40 days of rearing are shown as follows. Carapace width, Indoor: C=1.1250D+1.7227 Outdoor C=1.3465D -0.2449 Carapace length, Indoor: L=0.6654D+1.6712 Outdoor: L=0.7893D+0.6919 Body Weight, Outdoor: $$W=1.15e^{0.12423D}$$ Indoor: $$W=6.759\times10^{-2}D^{1.2598}$$ (9-19 day old crabs) Outdoor: $$W=4.136\times10^{-2}D^{1.6024}$$ (21-40 day old crabs) During the crab stage, the following relationships between the number of moulting times and the carapace width (C), carapace length (L) and body weight (W) were found as follows: $$C=5.2e^{0.28119N}$$ $$L=3.65e^{0.26372N}$$ $$W= 0.14e^{0.7037N}$$ The relationships between the carapace length (L) and the carapace width (C) and body weight (W) of the crab stages are shown as follows: Carapace length, mm Formula 2.62-27.17 L=1.6864C-1.0387 7.47-18.53 $$W=9.367\times10^{-5}C^{3.5567}$$ 22.11-27.17 $$W=3.406\times10^{-5}C{3.8571}$$

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 1999

This study was designed to determine effect of cryoprotectant kinds and cell stages on OPP vitrification method in mouse embryos. The freezing speed, cryoprotectants and cell stage could affect of embryo viability following various vitrification methods. The vitrification solution used were consisting of 40% (v/v) ethylene glycol, 18% (w/v) Ficoll, 0.3 M sucrose solution in holding medium (D-PBS supplemented with 5% FCS: HM) (EFS) or 16.5% ethylene glycol , 16.5% dimethyl sulfoxide, 0.5 M sucrose in HM (EDS). The embryos were collected from oviduct at 18 h after hCG injection and then washed and cultured in mHTF medium until use. In experiment 1, the blastocysts were vitrified by OPP straw to determine the optimal vitrification solution of EFS or EDS. The post-thaw survival rates at re-expanded stage rates were significantly different between EFS and EDS (95.0 vs 100%), but at hatching stage was not different between EFS and EDS (90.0 vs 95.0%). respectively. In experiment 2, zygotes, 2-, 4-cell, morula and blastocysts were vitrified by OPP method to determine the acceptable of early stage embryos. The development rates to expanded blastocyst in zygote (70.0%) were significantly lower rather than those in 2-, 4- 8-cell, compacted morula or blastocyst (89.7, 90.0, 92.8, 97.6 or 97.5%), respectively. However, the cell number of post-thaw developed to expanded blastocyst in blastocyst and control blastocyst stage (39.6$\pm$2.81, 35.7$\pm$2.98) were significanty higher than those in zygote, 2-, 4-, 8-cell, compacted morula (29.8$\pm$3.21, 31.3$\pm$3.83, 29.3$\pm$3.58, 28.9$\pm$3.21 or 30.8$\pm$2.93). In experiment 3, the zygotes were exposed in VSl for 1, 2, and 3 min to the optimal exposed time. The cleavage rates (91.6, 88.5, 88.9%) and develop mental rates to blastocyst (83.3, 74.3 and 69.4%) depends on the exposed time in VSl were not significantly different among 1, 2, or 3 min, respectively. The cell number also were not significantly different among exposed time in VS1. respectively. These results indicate that OPP method could be useful for vitrification either EFS or EDS vitrification solution. The post-thaw survival rates at zygote were significantly lower than those at 2-, 4-, 8-cell, morula or blastocyst, respectively. The zygote stage were more sensitive rather than late stage embryos. The exposing time in VS1 for 1 min was better than that for 2 or 3 min, even it was not significantly different. The OPP vitrification method could be useful of mouse embryos either with EFS or EDS vitrification solution.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.29-67
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• 1992

Life cycle and seed production of the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense, were studied and the results are as follows : 1. Larval development : Embryos hatched out as zoea larvae of 2.06 mm in mean body length. The larvae passed through 9 zoea stages in $15{\~}20$ days and then metamorphosed into postlarvae measuring 5.68 mm in mean body length. Each zoea stage can be identified based on the shapes of the first and second antennae, exo- and endopodites of the first and second pereiopods, telson and maxillae. 2. Environmental requirements of zoea larvae : Zoea larvae grew healthy when fed with Artemia nauplii. Metamorphosing rate was $65{\~}72{\%}$ at $26{\~}28\%$ and $7.85{\~}8.28\%_{\circ}Cl.$. The relationship between the zoeal period (Y in days) and water temperature (X in $^{\circ}C$) is expressed as Y=46.0900-0.9673X. Zoeas showed best survival in a water temperature range of $26{\~}32^{\circ}C$ (optimum temperature $28^{\circ}C$), at which the metamorphosing rate into postlarvae was $54{\~}72\%$ The zoeas survived more successfully in chlorinity range of $4.12{\~}14.08{\%_{\circ}}Cl.$, (optimum chlorinity $7.6{\~}11.6\;{\%_{\circ}}Cl.$.), at which the metamorphosing rate was $42{\~}76{\%}$. The whole zoeal stages tended to be longer in proportion as the chlorinity deviated from the optimum range and particularly toward high chlorinity. Zoeas at all stages could not tolerate in the freshwater. 3. Environmental requirements of postlarvae and juveniles : Postlarvae showed normal growth at water temperatures between $24{\~}32^{\circ}C$ (optimun temperature $26{\~}28^{\circ}$. The survival rate up to the juvenile stage was $41{\~}63{\%}$. Water temperatures below $24^{\circ}C$ and above $32^{\circ}$ resulted in lower growth, and postlarvae scarcely grew at below $17^{\circ}C$. Cannibalism tended to occur more frequently under optimum range of temperatures. The range of chlorinity for normal growth of postlarvae and juveniles was from 0.00 (freshwater) to $11.24{\%_{\circ}}Cl.$, at which the survival rate was $32{\~}35\%$. The postlarvae grew more successfully in low chlorinities, and the best growth was found at $0.00\~2.21{\%_{\circ}}Cl.$. The postlarvae and juveniles showed better growth in freshwater but did not survive in normal sea water. 4. Feeding effect of diet on zoea Ilarvae : Zoea larvae were successfully survived and metamorposed into postlarvae when fed commercial artificial plankton, rotifers, and Artemia nauplii in the aquaria. However, the zoea larvae that were fed Artemia nauplii and reared in Chlorella mixed green water showed better results. The rate of metamorphosis was $68\~{\%}75$. The larvae fed cow live powder, egg powder, and Chlorella alone did not survive. 5. Diets of postlarvae, juveniles and adults : Artemia nauplii and/or copepods were good food for postlarvae. Juveniles and adults were successfully fed fish or shellfish flesh, annelids, corn grain, pelleted feed along with viscera of domestic animals or fruits. 6. Growth of postlarvae, juveniles and adults : Under favorable conditions, postlarvae molted every five or six days and attained to the juvenile stage within two months and they reached 1.78 cm in body length and 0.17 g in body weight. The juveniles grew to 3.52 cm in body length and 1.07 g in body weight in about four months. Their sexes became determinable based on the appearance of male's rudimental processes (a secondary sex character) on the endopodites of second pereiopods of males. The males commonly reached sexual maturity in seven months after attaining the postlarvae stage and they grew to 5.65 cm in body length and 3.41 g in body weight. Whereas the females attained sexual maturity within six to seven months, when they measured 4.93 cm in body length and 2.43 g in body weight. Nine or ten months after hatching, the males grew $6.62{\~}7.14$ cm in body length and $6.68{\~}8.36$ g in body weight, while females became $5.58{\~}6.08$ cm and $4.04{\~}5.54$ g. 7. Stocking density : The maximum stocking density in aquaria for successful survival and growth was $60{\~}100$ individuals/$\ell$ for zoeas in 30-days rearing (survival rate to postlarvae, $73{\~}80{\%}$) ; $100{\~}300$ individuals/$m^2$ for postlarvae of 0.57 cm in body length (survival rate for 120 days, $78{\~}85{\%}$) ; $40{\~}60$ individuals/$m^2$ for juveniles of 2.72 cm in body length (survival rate for 120 days, $63{\~}90{\%}$) : $20{\~}40$ individuals/$m^2$ for young prawns of 5.2 cm in body length (survival rate for 120 days, $62\~90{\%}$) ; and $10\~30$ individuals/$m^2$ for adults of 6.1 cm in body length (survival rate for 60 days, $73\~100{\%}$). The stocking density of juveniles, youngs and adults could be increased up to twice by providing shelters.