• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1038-1049
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• 2009

A hat is an important fashion accessory item for a total fashion coordination and the number of millineries is increasing in the current accessory market. This research provides basic information about the millinery in relation to consumer consumption behavior, preference, and satisfaction with hat products. A survey was conducted among 395 individuals age 20 and over who were quota sampled according to age and gender to investigate the differences between genders and different age groups. The collected data were statistically treated with the SPSS 12.0 program in terms of frequency, percentage, mean, standard error, cross tabulation, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and a Duncan-test. The results are as follows: 1. Respondents wear hats for ornamental purposes regardless of the season. They discard hats when they become out of style 2 to 3 years after the purchase. 2. In general, consumers prefer the baseball cap design among various hat product categories. Achromatic colors were the favorite color tone and the preferred material was woven cloth. 3. Consumers were most satisfied with colors and most dissatisfied with deformation after laundering. 4. There was a significant difference in preferences among the different age groups. Younger consumers were more concerned about individual image and style. Older consumers considered hats as a functional means such as protecting themselves from the sun. 5. There was a significant gender difference. Compared to males, female consumers were more concerned about the quality of sewing and colorfastness than male consumers.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.28-44
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to analyze the hat fashion worn by the British royal family. The research range has been limited to hats which Elizabeth II, Camilla Parker Bowles, and Kate Middleton wore from April 29, 2011 to April 11, 2014 when Kate Middleton married Windsor Prince William and became part of the royal family. The methods of the research were: previous studies and literature about the royal family were referred to, the function and types of hats were considered, and then the plasticity of the designs seen in hat fashion of the royal family were analyzed. The results are as follows: first, the shape of the hats of the British royal family: Three-dimensional shapes(84.2%) were the most frequent, the detailed shape of the hat Canotier(33.5%), Boater(12.7%) and Bowler(10.3%) had greater frequency. Second, the color of the hats were W(13.7%), Bk(10.5%), Y(9.8%), B(9.6%), YR/PB(9.4%) and RP(9.2%) color. The Color Combination is the Monochrome Color(62.3%), Analogous Color(16.1%), Accent Color(13.2%) and Complementary Color(8.4%) were most frequent. Third, the material of the hats were Felt(44.5%) and Straw(40.3%) were used most frequently. Finally, the decoration of hats were: Flowers(25.7%), String(25.0%), Ribbon(18.4%) and Feathers(17.9%) were the most common. This study can be utilized as basic data for effective styling and design ideas in the field of total fashion.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.2 no.2 s.3
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• pp.239-246
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• 1998

In this paper, a new morphological details extraction algorithm is proposed. It is known that separate transmission of details and background smoothed image is a powerful technique for very low bit-rate video data transmission. Several details extraction algorithms show relatively large variation of grayscale levels in details, smoothed image, which is the difference between original and details images, provides highly distortedand complicated result. In order to remedy those pitfails, and thus to improve the coding efficiency, we propose a new algorithm using the reconstruction top-hat result as the reference image in process of obtaining details, instead of top-hat result, which is used fur existing a1gorithms. Experimental results show that details, extracted using the proposed algorithm, are much similar to original image, and thus the smoothed image is not too complicated.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.4
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• pp.137-146
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• 1993

The Proposed goodness-of-fit test Statistic $\hat{\lambda}_{\alpha}$ derived from the test Statistc in Kim (1992) is itself a smoothing parameter which is selected to minimize an estimated MISE for a truncated series estimator, $d_{\hat{\lambda}{n}}$, of the comparison density function. Therefore, this test statistic leads immediately to a point estimate of the density function in the event that $H_{0}$ is ejected. The limiting distribution of $\hat{\lambda}_{\alpha}$ was obtained under the null hypothesis. It is also shown that this test is consistent against fixed alternatives.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.303-311
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• 2003

We consider the problem of testing cell probabilities in sparse multinomial data. Aerts, et al.(2000) presented $T_1=\sum\limits_{i=1}^k(\hat{p}_i-p_i)^2$ as a test statistic with the local polynomial estimator $(\hat{p}_i$, and showed its asymptotic distribution. When there are cell probabilities with relatively much different sizes, the same contribution of the difference between the estimator and the hypothetical probability at each cell in their test statistic would not be proper to measure the total goodness-of-fit. We consider a Pearson type of goodness-of-fit test statistic, $T=\sum\limits_{i=1}^k(\hat{p}_i-p_i)^2/p_i$ instead, and show it follows an asymptotic normal distribution.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.241-247
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• 2009

It is important to satisfy the requirements and standards for the protections of passengers in a car accident. There are lots of studies on the crushing energy absorption of a structure members in automobiles. We have studied to investigate collapse characteristics and moisture absorption movements of CFRP(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics) hat shaped sectional members when CFRP laminates are under the hygrothermal environment. In particular, the absorbed energy, mean collapse load and deformation mode were analyzed for side members which absorbed most of the collision energy. Variation of CFRP interlaminar numbers is important to increase the energy absorption capability. Therefore we have made a static collapse experiment to research into the difference of absorbed energy and deformation mode between moisture absorbed specimen and non-moisture absorbed.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.157-166
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• 1995

Process capability indices are used to determine whether a production process is capable of producing items within a specified tolerance. We could estimate the finite sample distributions of some process capability indices with bootstrap method. In this paper, we derive the asymptotic bootstrap distributions of some process capability indices ${\hat{C}}^*_p$, ${\hat{C}}^*_{pk}$ and ${\hat{C}}^*_{pm}$ under general proper conditions. These asymptotic distributiops would be used in constructing some bootstrap confidence intervals. Also, we examine some small sample properties related to these estimators by some simulations.

• Honam Mathematical Journal
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.167-176
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• 2010

Let (B, $\check{g}$) and (N, $\hat{g}$) be Einstein manifolds. Then, we get a complete (necessary and sufficient) condition for the warped product manifold $B\;{\times}_f\;N\;:=\;(B\;{\times}\;N,\;\check{g}\;+\;f{\hat{g}}$) to be Einstein, and obtain a complete condition for the Einstein warped product manifold $B\;{\times}_f\;N$ to be weakly stable. Moreover, we get a complete condition for the map i : ($B,\;\check{g})\;{\times}\;(N,\;\hat{g})\;{\rightarrow}\;B\;{\times}_f\;N$, which is the identity map as a map, to be harmonic. Under the assumption that i is harmonic, we obtain a complete condition for $B\;{\times}_f\;N$ to be Einstein.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.57-74
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• 1995

본 연구는 산업(産業)의 배당결정행태(配當決定行態)를 주식시장에 존재하는 비대칭적(非對稱的) 정보구조(情報構造)로 설명하고자 하는 신호가설(信號假說)과 대리인비용가설(代理人費用假說)의 검정에 관한 것이다. 배당자료의 특성과 panel자료의 사용으로 인하여 통상적인 추정 방법을 사용할 경우 문제가 발생하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 특정한 형태의 불균등 분산을 가정한 HAT모형을 대안으로 제시하였다. 모형설정검정을 위한 통계량을 도출하여 설정검정을 해본 결과 HAT모형의 실용적 타당성이 입증되었으며 Lintner모형을 응용한 배당결정모형(配當決定模型)에 HAT모형을 적용시켜 실증분석에 사용하였다. 그 결과 신호가설(信號假說)과 대리인비용가설(代理人費用假說)에 의해 모형에 포함된 변수들은 비유의적(非有意的)인 것으로 판명되어 두 가설(假設)은 모두 기각(棄却)되었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.557-570
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• 2015

Let $\mathbb{G}$ be a von Neumann algebraic locally compact quantum group, in the sense of Kustermans and Vaes. In this paper, as a consequence of a notion of amenability for actions of Lau algebras, we show that $\hat{\mathbb{G}}$, the dual of $\mathbb{G}$, is co-amenable if and only if there is a state $m{\in}L^{\infty}(\hat{\mathbb{G}})^*$ which is invariant under a left module action of $L^1(\mathbb{G})$ on $L^{\infty}(\hat{\mathbb{G}})^*$. This is the quantum group version of a result by Stokke [17]. We also characterize amenable action of Lau algebras by several properties such as fixed point property. This yields in particular, a fixed point characterization of amenable groups and H-amenable representation of groups.