• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.227-235
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• 2012

Purpose: This study compared the surface hardness (Vickers) and microstructural characteristics between a type IV stone with and without die hardening treatment, a polyurethane die material. Methods: Materials used were a type IV stone(MG Crystal Rock), two die hardeners (Hardening bath, Epox-it), and a polyurethane resin material(Polyluck). Six specimens per group were prepared according to manufacturer's directions. The prepared specimens were tested by means of hardness test, one-way ANOVA analysis, scanning electron microscopic(SEM) observations and energy dispersive spectroscopic(EDS) analysis. Results: In the hardness test and its statistical analysis, there was no significant difference in the surface hardness between a type IV stone and type IV stone with die hardener coating, type IV stone mixed with an epoxy like material instead of water. In contrast, polyurethane resin material exhibited significantly greater surface hardness than other specimen groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: By considering the results of the hardness test, SEM observations and EDS analysis, although the die hardeners on type IV stone did not show remarkable improvement in surface hardness, the die hardener coating on the surface of type IV stone material did show decrease of microporous and improvement of surface defects.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.519-528
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• 1994

Degradation problem due to long term service in machine or structure is now one of important problems in whole industrial field. In this study, pressure vessel steel, Cr-Mo steel, which was used more than 60,000 hours, was surface-modified by laser beam radiation for the improvement of fatigue strength. To find out optimum radiation condition, hardness, residual stress measurement and fatigue tests were carried out with the specimen of different radiation conditions. Experimental results show that micro-hardness values on the surface of the radiated specimens were approximately 2.2 times higher than those of un-radiated ones. In the depth direction of the specimen, hardness on the surface showed maximum value and was decreased at the inside the specimen. Different hardness values are due to the energy density Q which was absorbed by the specimen. Fatigue tests show that fatigue life was improved by the compressive residual stress after laser beam radiation. However, some specimens with differednt conditions show the shorter fatigue life. It means that laser beam radiation with optimum parameter can improve thae fatigue strength.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.179-180
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• 2012

Back ferrule is a circular ring shaped metallic object which is used for fastening, joining or reinforcement during the tube fitting as well as to prevent leakage. Therefore, during tube fitting the leading edge of the back ferrule should be sufficiently hard enough to prevent leakage. In our research, we concentrated the improvement of two major factors. Firstly, to improve the surface hardness of the back ferrule made by AISI 316 Stainless Steel. Secondly, the enhancement of corrosion resistance of back ferrule after plasma treatment. Initially, the corrosion resistance and hardness of the back ferrule (both commercial and without treated) was not good enough for tube fitting but after applying plasma treatment with suitable conditions on ferrule, we improved the corrosion resistance and hardness of the back ferrule dramatically.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.191-196
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• 2003

For improvement of the wear performance of Ti alloy, vacuum-carburizing technique was tried for the first time using propane atmosphere. During the low pressure carburizing carbide was formed at the surface and carbon transfer was occurred from the carbide to the matrix. It was found that: (i) surface hardness increased with the reduction of operating pressure and time; (ii) optimum hardness distribution could be obtained with the proper choice of temperature and carbon flux control; and, (iii) case depth was largely influenced not by time but by temperature. The two steps process was recommended for obtaining thick case depth and high surface hardness of Ti alloy. For the low oxygen partial pressure, it was necessary to introduce additional CO gas to the atmosphere.Grain boundary oxidation and non-uniformity could be prevented.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.84-89
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• 2011

This paper studied the carburizing of chromium molybdenum steel which the heat treatment effect of gear geometric tolerance, OPD, Runout, the surface hardness, the maximum hardness, the core hardness and the bending fatigue strength were investigated. Firstly, the deformation is observed, and the results of circularity, squareness, OPD and Runout of SCM822, SCM425, and SCM415 are obtained in order. Secondly, in order to investigate the gear hardness, the surface hardness, the maximum hardness and the core hardness of SCM822, SCM425, and SCM415 are obtained; and the surface hardness of SCM822 is about 10% higher than SCM415's, and about 3% higher than SCM425's. Thirdly, the fatigue strength of SCM822 is about 10% higher than SCM415's, and about 7% higher than SCM425's in the fatigue test results. At last, for the purpose of the minimum deformation of heat treatment, and also the improvement of fatigue strength, the best gear material is SCM822 in this test.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.318-327
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• 1994

According to conventional nitriding of tool steels, it was very difficult to produce a high surface hardness. This study has been conducted to investigate the influence of initial structures on the nitriding characteristics of tool steels in gas-nitrided for the improvement in surface hardness. The specimens (SACM645, STD61 steels) have been quenching and tempering at various temperature and then gas-nitrided for 30, 45 and 60hr at 500, 530 and $550^{\circ}C$ respectively in gasatmosphere of 30%$NH_3-70%N_2$ As hardness of initial structure was higher, the nitriding layer was deeper and hardness of the nitriding layer was higher. Deeper nitriding layers was due to higher diffusion rate by fine initial microstructure. Also the reason of high surface hardness was associated with formation of dispersed fine carbonitrides of nitrides.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.36-50
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• 1997

Invar-type austenitic cast irons are being used as low thermal expansive materials because of its good low thermal expansion characteristics and castability despite its low hardness. The effects of alloying elements such as Cr, Ti, V, and Mo on hardness and linear thermal expansion coefficient of the invar-type austenitic cast irons were investigated. A combined use of V and Mo addition was found to be the most effective for the improvement of hardness without causing an increase in the thermal expansion coefficient. With a combined addition of 4.6wt%V and 3.8wt%Mo, the hardness increased up to 180HB and the thermal expansion coefficient was kept at a relatively low value of $4.6{\times}10^{-6}/^{\circ}C$ in the temperature range from room to $250^{\circ}C$.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.78-85
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• 1999

To investigate kernel hardness, a compression test which is widely used to measure the hardness of individual kernels as a physical testing method was made simultaneously with the measurement of friabilin (15KDa) which is strongly associated with kernel hardness and was recently developed as a biochemical marker for evaluating kernel hardness in 79 Korean wheat varieties and experimental lines. With the scattered diagram based on the principal component analysis from the parameters of the compression test, 79 Korean wheat varieties were classified into three groups based on the principal component analysis. Since conventional methods required large amount of flour samples for analysis of friabilin due to the relatively small amount of friabilin in wheat kernels, those methods had limitations for quality prediction in wheat breeding programs. An extraction of friabilin from the starch of a single kernel through cesium chloride gradient centrifugation was successful in this experiment. Among 79 Korean wheat varieties and experimental lines 50 lines (63.3%) exhibited a friabilin band and 29 lines (36.7%) did not show a friabilin band. In this study, lines that contained high maximum force and the lower ratio of minimum force to maximum force showed the absence of the friabilin band. Identification of friabilin, which is the product of a major gene, could be applied in the screening procedures of kernel hardness. The single kernel analysis system for friabilin was found to be an easy, simple and effective screening method for early generation materials in a wheat breeding program for quality improvement.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.33-37
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• 1989

In order to improve hardness uniformity of standard-hardness blocks. experimental procedure was designed using Taguchi Method. For this purpose the following factors were studied: austenitizing temperature, tempering condition, grinding condition, subzero treatment, lapping time, $15{\mu}m$ polishing time, final polishing time. These factors were processed and then ten hardness values were measured on each specimen. SN (signal to noise) ratio for each condition was calculated with standard variations of these values. Finally, from the calculated value of ANOVA on SN ratios, the lapping time was found to be the main factor Better uniformity with longer lapping time implies that residual stress that was formed after quenching is a dominent parameter that affects on the uniformity of hardness. Therefore, step-quenching method was adapted to minimize the residual stress. By this modification of quenching procedure, the hardness uniformity was improved remarkably and the yield ratio was increased from 55% to 88%.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of job stress, hardness and burnout among emergency room nurses. Methods: The subjects were 110 emergency room nurses from three university hospital and three general hospital, with more than 500 beds, in G city and J region. Data collection was done from October 11 to November 12, 2010. Results: The score of job stress was 3.8 out of 5 point, the score of hardness was 2.6 out of 4 point, and the score of burnout was 3.3 out of 5 point. Burnout was found to be in a significant positive correlation with job stress and significant negative correlation with hardness. The main predictors of burnout were to hardness, job stress and night duty, and these variables explained 45.2% about burnout. Conclusion: In conclusion, the higher job stress was in higher burnout and the higher hardness was in the lower burnout. It is necessary to create improvement ways and programs to reduce and prevent burnout of emergency room nurses.