• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.199-204
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• 2014

Various heat-treated and surface coating methods are used to mitigate abrasion in sliding machine parts. The most cost effective of these methods involves hard coatings such as diamond-like carbon (DLC). DLC has various advantages, including a high level of hardness, low coefficient of friction, and low wear rate. In practice, a supporting layer is generally inserted between the DLC layer and the steel substrate to improve the load carrying capacity. In this study, an indentation and sliding contact problem involving a small, hard, spherical particle and a DLC-coated steel surface is modeled and analyzed using a nonlinear finite element code, MARC, to investigate the influence of the supporting layer thickness on the coating characteristics and the related coating failure mechanisms. The results show that the amount of plastic deformation and the maximum principal stress decrease with an increase in the supporting layer thickness. However, the probability of the high tensile stress within the coating layer causing a crack is greatly increased. Therefore, in the case of DLC coating with a supporting layer, fatigue wear can be another important cause of coating layer failure, together with the generally well-known abrasive wear.

• 대한용접접합학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한용접접합학회 1996년도 특별강연 및 추계학술발표 개요집
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• pp.3-15
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• 1996

The formation of a thicker hard alloyed layer have been investigated on the surface of aluminum cast alloy (AC2B) by PTA overlaying process with Cr, Cu and Ni motel powders under the condition of overlaying current 125-200A. overlaying speed 150 mm/min and different powder feeding rate 5-20 g/min. In addition the characteristics of hardening and wear resistance of alloyed layer here been examined in relation to the microstructure of alloyed layer. Main results obtained were summarized as follows: 1) There was an optimum overlaying condition to get a good alloyed layer with smooth surface. This good layer became easy to be formed as increasing overlaying current and decreasing powder feeding rate under a constant overlaying speed. 2) Cu powder was the most superior one in metal powders used due to a wide optimum overlaying condition range, uniform hardness distribution of Hv250-350, good oar resistance and freedom from cracking in alloyed layer with fine hyper-eutectic structure. 3) On the contrary, irregular hardness distribution was usually obtained in Cr ar Ni alloyed layers of which hardness was increased as Cr or Ni contents and reached to maximum hardness of about Hv400-850 at about 60wt%cr or 40wt%Ni in alloyed layer. 4) Cracking occurred in Cr or Ni alloyed layers with higher hardness than Hv250-300 at mere than 20-25wt% of Cr or Ni contents in alloyed layer. Porosity was observed in all alloyed layers but decreased by usage of spherical powder with smooth surface.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2000년도 제18회 학술발표회 논문개요집
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• pp.74-74
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• 2000

낮은 유전상수(k$\leq$3)와 높은 열적안정성(>4$25^{\circ}C$)은 초고집적회로(ULSI)기술에서 RC 지연을 해결하기 위한 금속배선의 중간 절연층으로서의 2개의 가장 중요한 특성이다. 본 연구에서는 cyclohezane을 precursor로 사용하여 plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition(PECVD)방법으로 유기박막을 성장시켰으며 낮은 유전상수와 높은 열적안정성을 동시에 확보하기 위하여 열적안정성은 좋지 않지만 유전상수가 낮은 박막(soft layer)위에 유전상수는 다소 높지만 열적안정성이 좋은 박막(hard layer)을 얇게 증착하여 hard layer/soft layer의 2층 구조를 형성하여서 구조적, 전기적 특성을 조사하였다. 유기박막은 5$0^{\circ}C$로 유지된 reactor 내부에서 argon(Ar) plasma에 의해 증착되었으며 platinum(Pt)기판과 silicon 기판위에 동시에 증착하였다. Pt 기판위에 증착한 시편으로 유전상수, I-V 등 전기적 특성을 측정하였고, silicon 기판위에 증착한 시편으로 열적안정성과 구조적 특성등을 분석하였다. 증착압력 0.2Torr에서 plasma power를 5W에서90W로 증가할 때 유전상수는 2.36에서 3.39로 증가하였으며 열적안정성은 90W에서 180W로 증가하였을 때 유전상수는 2.42에서 2.79로 증가하엿고 열적안정성은 모두30$0^{\circ}C$이하였다. 단일층 구조에서는 유전상수가 낮은 박막은 열적으로 불안정하고 열적 안정성이 좋은 박막은 유전상수가 다소 높은 문제가 나타났다. 이런 문제를 해결하기 위하여 2 Torr, 120W에서 증착한 유전상수가 2.55이고 열적으로 불안정한 박막을 soft layer로 5150 증착하고 그 위에 0.2Torr, 90W에서 증착한 유전상수가 3.39이고 열적으로 45$0^{\circ}C$까지 안정한 박막을 hard layer로 360 , 720 , 1440 증착하였다. 증착된 2층구조 박막의 유전상수는 각각 2.62, 2.68, 2.79이었으며 열적안정성 측정에서는 40$0^{\circ}C$까지 두께 감소가 보이지 않았다. 그러나 SEM 측정에서 열처리 후 표면이 거칠어지는 현상이 발견되었다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.131-143
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• 2024

Shield tunneling construction commonly crosses underground pipelines in urban areas, resulting in soil loss and followed deformation of grounds and pipelines nearby, which may threaten the safe operation of shield tunneling. This paper investigated the pipeline deformation caused by double curved shield tunnels in soil-rock composite stratum in Nanjing, China. The stratum settlement equation was modified to consider the double shield tunneling. Moreover, a three dimensional finite element model was established to explore the effects of hard-layer ratio, tunnel curvature radius, pipeline buried depth and other influencing factors. The results indicate the subsequent shield tunnel would cause secondary disturbance to the soil around the preceding tunnel, resulting in increased pipeline and ground surface settlement above the preceding tunnel. The settlement and stress of the pipeline increased gradually as buried depth of the pipeline increased or the hard-layer ratio (the ratio of hard-rock layer thickness to shield tunnel diameter within the range of the tunnel face) decreased. The modified settlement calculation equation was consistent with the measured data, which can be applied to the settlement calculation of ground surface and pipeline settlement. The modified coefficients a and b ranged from 0.45 to 0.95 and 0.90 to 1.25, respectively. Moreover, the hard-layer ratio had the most significant influence on the pipeline settlement, but the tunnel curvature radius and the included angle between pipeline and tunnel axis played a dominant role in the scope of the pipeline settlement deformation.

• 한국분말야금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국분말야금학회 1994년도 춘계학술대회강연 및 발표대회 강연및 발표논문 초록집
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• pp.6-6
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• 1994

Har dmaterials such as cemented carbides with or without coated layer, cermets, ceramics and diamond or c-BN high pressure sintered compact are used for cutting tools, wear -resistant parts, rock drilling bits and/or high pressure vessels. These hardmaterials contain not only hard phase, but also second consituent as the element for forming ductile phase and/or sintering aid, and the mechanical properties of each material depend on (1) the amount of the second constituent as well as (2) the grain size of the hard phase. The hardness of each material mainly depends on these two factors. The fracture strength, however, largely depends on other microstructur a1 factors as well as the above two factors. For all hardmaterials, the fracture strength is consider ably affected by (3) the size of microstructur a1 defect which acts as the fracture source. In cemented carbides, the following factors which are generated mainly due to the addition of the second constituent are also important; (4) the variation of the carbon content in the normal phase region free from V-phase and graphite phase, (5) the precipitation of $Co_3$ during heating at about $800^{\circ}C$,(6) the domain size of binder phase, and (7) the formation of ${\beta}$-free layer or Co-rich layer near the surface of sintered compacts. For cemented carbides coated with thin hard substance, the important factors are as follows; (8) the kind of coated substance, (9) the formation of ${\eta}$-phase layer at the interface between coated layer and substrate, (10) the type of residual stress (tension or compression) in the coated layer which depends on the kind of coating method (CVD or PVD), and (11) the properties of the substrate, and (12) the combination, coherency and periodicity of multi-layers. In the lecture, the details of these factors and their effect on the strength will be explained.

• 한국공작기계학회논문집
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.49-55
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• 2006

The effect of coating temperature with regard to surface properties of TiN-coated layer on hard metal(WC-Co) are experimentally investigated. Hardness, surface roughness, TiN coating thickness and adsorption force were measured in order to evaluate the effect of coating temperature. The two-way ANOVA method is used in order to evaluate the experimental data. In AIP processing, It is concluded that the furnace temperature in the range of $400^{\circ}C\~500^{\circ}C$ affected to a little increasing the number of production with the coating temperature.

• The Korean Journal of Ceramics
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.356-362
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• 1998

Hertzian crack suppression phenomena and relatively high damage tolerance were investigated in hard/soft silicon nitride ($Si_3N_4$) bilayers. Coarse $\alpha}-Si_3N_4$ powder was wsed for the hard coating layer and fine $\alpha}-Si_3N_4$ powder was used for the soft substrate layer. The two layers were designed with a strong interface. Hertzian indentation was used to investigate contact fracture and damage tolerance property. Hertzian crack suppression has occurred with increasing applied load and decreasing coating thickness. The crack suppression contributed strength improvement, especially in the bilayers with thinner coatings. Ultimately, the combination of hard coating with soft but tough underlayer improved the damage tolerance of brittle $Si_3N_4$ ceramics.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.97-100
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• 2011

Bilayers of soft NiFe (150 nm-420 nm) on hard Ni (150 nm) were prepared by electrodeposition. The process of magnetization reversal in the NiFe/Ni bilayers was then investigated. The hysteresis loop generated by a magnetization reversal of soft NiFe under a positive saturation state of a hard Ni layer shows a shift along the negative field axis, which is clear evidence for the exchange spring effect in the NiFe/Ni bilayers. The dependence of the coercive field $H_c$ and exchange bias field Hex on the thickness of the NiFe layer was also investigated. As the NiFe thickness increases from 150 nm to 420 nm, both $H_c$ and $H_{ex}$ decrease rapidly from $H_c$= 51.7 Oe and $H_{ex}$ = 12.2 Oe, and saturate to $H_c$ = 5.8 Oe and $H_{ex}$ = 3.5 Oe.

• 한국윤활학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국윤활학회 2002년도 proceedings of the second asia international conference on tribology
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• pp.51-52
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• 2002

We report results on microtribological studies of chemically grafted nanoscale polymer layers of different architecture with thickness below 30 nm. We have fabricated the molecular lubrication coatings from elastomeric tri-block copolymers and tested two different designs of corresponding nanocomposite coatings. We observed a significant reduction of friction forces and an increase of the wear stability when a minute amount of oil was trapped within the grafted polymer layer. These polymer gel layers exhibited a very steady friction response and a small value of the coefficient of friction as compared to the initial polymer coating. A polymer 'triplex' coating has been formed by a multiple grafting technique. The unique design of this layer Includes a hard-soft-hard architecture with a compliant rubber interlayer mediating localized stresses transferred through the topmost hard layer. This architecture provides a non-linear mechanical response under a normal compression stress and allows additional dissipation of mechanical energy via the elastic rubber interlayer.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.368-375
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• 1995

Thermal CVD method is in general used for the fabrication of TiC/$Al_2O_3$-coated carbide tools. The growth of TiC layer and the coating morphology depended on the chemical composition of the hard metal substrate on which the tool properties were strongly influenced. TiC-coated layer was grown by the diffusion of carbon from the substrate, whereas the growth of $Al_2O_3$ layer was unrelated to the composition of substrate. In the nitride hard coatings of Zr, Nb and Mo metals deposited on high speed steel substrate by magnetron sputtering, the reactivity of the metal elements was decreased with increasing group number in one period of the periodic system. The hard material films exhibited the highest adhesion with the chemical composition of stoichiometry or substoichiometry. The critical load as a measure of adhesion was evaluated using scratch tester. The CVD tools indicated the values of 80 and 40N in the coated layers with proper bonding to the substrate and with $\eta$ phase of 1$\mu\textrm{m}$ in the interface respectively, but the nitride films prepared by sputtering of PVD showed only the values between 10 and 20N.