• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.590-605
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• 2021

The history of printing technology in Korea is studied by investigating existing ancient documents and records and comparing accumulated data and knowledge. Cultural property research requires non-destructive testing and observation with the naked eye or aided by a microscope. Researchers' experience and knowledge are required even though they cannot guarantee the outcome. For ancient documents and records that are presumed to consist of woodblock printing, wood type printing, metal type printing, or their combinations, each researcher draws various opinions and conclusions. This often causes confusion and divides the opinions of ordinary citizens and field specialists. Among them, the criteria for judging ancient documents or books printed using woodblock and metal movable material are ambiguous. Academic research on the development history of printing technology in ancient Korea has been stagnant, and conflicts among researchers have also erupted. Involvement of national investigative agencies not specialized in cultural properties has exacerbated the situation. In this study, we investigated printing characteristics that are likely to serve as more objective judgment criteria by quantitatively analyzing the experiments of retrieving several sheets of Korean paper (Hanji) using a replicated Hunminjeongeum (訓民正音) woodblock and quantitatively analyzing the images of the printed papers. In addition, the validity and questions for the typical phenomena presented as a method for distinguishing between woodblock and metal print are reviewed. We investigated the possibility of developing new objective judgement criteria through quantitative analysis using image analysis and investigating the printing characteristics of Korean paper through a reproduction experiment of woodblock printing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.36-36
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• 2011

안개나무 목질부의 열수추출물을 사용하여 한지를 염색하였다. 안개나무 목질부의 추출물을 동결건조하여 만든 염료 분말을 사용하여 제조한 0.0002%(wt) 농도의 염액은 198 nm에서 0.39의 흡광도를 278 nm 에서 0.10의 흡광도를 가지는 자외가시광선 흡수 피크를 나타내었으며 무매염으로도 한지에 염색이 잘 되었다. 염색된 한지는 황색 계열의 색을 나타내었으며, 명반 매염을 하면 $a^*$ 값과 $b^*$ 값이 동시에 증가하여 주황색을 띠는 것을 알 수 있고, 초산동 매염을 하면 $a^*$ 값이 증가하지만 $b^*$ 값이 감소하여 적색을 좀 더 많이 띠게 되었다. 염화철 매염을 하면 $b^*$ 값만 크게 감소하여 녹색계열의 색을 나타내었다. 닥섬유에 염색시 온도가 증가함에 따라서 염착량은 감소하는 경향을 보였고, 양이온화 섬유를 사용하면 염착량이 크게 향상되나, $a^*$값이 더 크게 증가하여 색상이 적황색으로 변하였다. 표면 전하밀도와 염착량은 정비례의 관계를 나타내었으며, 양이온화 정도가 높아질수록 제조한 색한지의 광견뢰도는 악화되었다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.33-33
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• 2011

Artificial silk that called "Ponggi (Gyeongsangbukdo, Korea) In-Gyeun" in Korea is entirely viscose rayon of which made main component refined larches and cotton linter. It also is natural fabrics with light weight, cool texture, free from the body and well ventilation property, so, feel good touch during the wearing. In addition, it often used as summer cloth and bedding because it has good absorbancy to perspiration and antistatic. The "Hanji", made of paper mulberry, is known as useful material for human. In this research focused on dyeability of Artificial silk/paper mulberry mixed fabrics using Dendropanax morbifera Lev.(called as "Hwangchil") Especially, the results were in comparison to the dyeing properties of Hwangchil with liquid/solid fermentation or not. As the results, The ${\Delta}E$ difference was dominated when the fabric dyed with fermentation by solid state at $60^{\circ}C$. And it was confirmed that the pH of fermented dye had an important influence in the coloration.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.25
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• pp.265-294
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• 1993

At the present. one of the very important functions of the information center or library is to provide information service on time and to the right person. But it is impossible if the shape of the material is not complete. So it is important to keep the material of information complete. This study is on deacidification of paper materials for enhancing useful life of information. This study can be summerized as follews; The material needs deacidification is all of machine-made paper except neutral paper, and hand made paper which are below pH 6.5. The best way for the deacidification for the small amount of materals is to use aqueous deacidifiers such as Calcium Carbonate, Magnesuim Carbonate and Borax. For mass deacidification process, Methoxy Magnesuim Methyle Carbonate and Magnesuim Oxide, called

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.149-163
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• 2011

Hanjisa(Korean paper yarn), a new material made from the traditional Korean paper, has been developed through local R&D efforts, reflecting the current trend highly valuing environmental friendly. This new material is considered suitable for the 21C lifestyle and culture pursuing improved quality of human life and the environment. Therefore, this study aims to widely make known the originality and functions of the environmentally friendly Korean paper yarn, as well as to increase its commercial value. Furthermore, a new category of apparel design is presented by studying painting dyeing based on transformational tuck techniques and wax resist dyeing with formative features of repeated lines and rhythms of shells in order to implement three-dimensional and decorative artistic expressions. The texture of the Korean cotton paper yarn was particularly suitable to employ tuck and dyeing techniques Which express formative features of shell. Also, the material was useful for expressing the three-dimensional feelings with repeated curves and cross sections of shells. Moreover, paraffin resist dyeing and stitch techniques were used in order to avoid monotony and the images of shells visually materialized. Through the results stated above, this study could explore how to overcome obstacles to globalization of the Korean modern apparel such as its uniqueness, limit of materials or absense of internationality by applying modern design to the Korean paper fabrics. In the future, it is expected that more manufactures could produce and supply the new materials so as to make widely known the originality of the Korean paper fabrics and develop the material into a popular organic product fitting the modern lifestyle.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.228-237
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• 2013

Paper relics are affected by a number of complex physical, chemical, biological and artificial damaging factors due to the vulnerability of organic materials. Wet cleaning is a conservation treatment method for removing pollutants from paper artefacts. This study was carried out in order to analyse the effect of wet cleaning on Hanji (Traditional Korean paper made from mulberry trees) which is the main material used in Korean paper relics (historical paper documents). For this study, the color change and folding endurance of artificially degraded paper was analysed before and after immersion wet cleaning. The result showed that washing each twice in 30 minutes is the most appropriate method for obtaining cleaning efficiency and material stability.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 2011

Pulping of paper mulberry (Broussonetia kazinoki) white bast has been examined by novel atmospheric pressure pulping methods. The viscosity of pulp has been found to be highly sensitive and variable with pulping methods. Therefore, selections of pulping chemicals and conditions are very important. Two kinds of pulping procedures were employed for the high viscosity pulp manufacturing. The one is ammonium oxalate treatment and the other is sodium chlorite and acetic acid treatment. Not only chemical components and pulp yields which of paper mulberry white bast but also water retention value (WRV), whiteness index, yellowness index, and colors of every pulp were examined. The hot water, 1% NaOH, and ethanol-benzene extractives which of paper mulberry white bast were 4.48%, 28.45%, and 2.84%, respectively. The contents of holocellulose, lignin, and ash were 90.66%, 1.05%, and 2.18%, respectively. In the pulp yields, group 1 which treated with only ammonium oxalate were 77.04-81.71%, group 2 which treated with ammonium oxalate and acidified sodium chlorite separately and washed between first and second stages were 64.15-83.90%, group 3 which treated with ammonium oxalate and acidified sodium chlorite separately and not washed between first and second stages were 57.35-73.17%, and group 4 which treated with mixed ammonium oxalate and acidified sodium chlorite were 66.58-68.43%. The pulps treated with acidified sodium chlorite showed high whiteness index, but the pulps treated with only ammonium oxalate showed high yellowness index. Variations in the combinations of treatments resulted in different pulp characteristics.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.22-33
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of the lining papers which had been separated from six pieces of paintings and calligraphic works of the 18th and the 20th century. A total 20 kinds of lining papers were examined on the physical properties, colors, fiber morphology, and color reactions. The grammage and thickness of lining papers which had been used hanging-scroll type works were higher than those of folder types. On the other hand, the grammage and thickness of the first layer lining papers which had been separated from silk ground works were lower than those of paper ground works. All kinds of lining papers were colored from yellow to yellowish red because of unbleaching and deterioration. Through the examination on fiber morphology and color reactions, lining papers were verified that all of those were made from paper mulberry bast fiber but the first layer of the Mukjukdo. The lining paper which of the first layer of the Mukjukdo was verified that it was made from mixture of paper mulberry, hemp, and spruce pulps.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.151-156
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• 2008

The annals of Joseon Dynasty is the most valuable resource containing the record of Korean history and has been known as one of the UNESCO's Memory of the World Register. There was a period that the annals of Joseon Dynasty was used with beeswax to control pests. It is considered as the prior reason of damage on the annals of Joseon Dynasty. Therefore, in this study we analysed the spectrum of traditional paper inside and outside of Korea, beeswax and accelerated artificial aging paper to restore the waxed volume in the annals of Joseon Dynasty by using FT-IR. As a result of FT-IR analysis, spectrum did not showed its big difference in all paper used in this study. However, there was a different spectrum in paper which was made with not Broussonetia kazinoki, but Echinochloa crus-galli var. frumentacea and Dioscorea batatas. Among traditional papers in various countries, spectrum of Korean paper showed the most similarity from the annals of Joseon Dynasty. In comparison between accelerated artificial aging paper and waxed volume, we could identify the change of spectrum affected by the damage.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.52-64
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of starch paste which was used for the conservation of paper properties. Three kinds of commercial corn starch and five kinds of fermented wheat starch were examined on the contents of amylose and amylopectin, shapes of particles, and viscosity and pH of paste. And adhesive strength on the drying, accelerated aging, and wetting treatments were measured. The contents of amylopectin of oxidized corn starch were higher those of cationic corn starch, unmodified corn starch, and fermented wheat flour. In case of fermented wheat flour, increasing of a fermentation period was resulted in increasing of amylopectin contents. The particle shapes of commercial corn starch showed with a uniform polygon, but fermented wheat flour showed with a mixture of small and large oval types. The viscosity of oxidized corn starch were very lower those of cationic corn starch and unmodified corn starch. And increasing of a fermentation period of wheat flour was resulted in increasing of viscosity. The pH of commercial corn starch were 3.6-7.5 and fermented wheat flour were 3.6-5.2. Through the examination on the nature and adhesive strength of starch paste, the oxidized corn starch 60 cps which is the name of products and wheat flour which had fermented for 5 years were considered that most suitable for conservation of paper properties.