• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 2021

In this study, we investigated the effects of five EMS lumbar back pressure belts produced on an anatomical basis on lumbar spine stabilization. Five core muscles were selected, including the urinal, vertebral column, endotracheal, external abdominal, and large back muscles, and patterns were designed using a conductive fabric considering the appropriate muscle shape and pain-causing points. We experimented with four motions to examine the effects of different EMS abdominal compression belts on lumbar spine stabilization. Five healthy men in their 20s were selected. The selection conditions include no back pain history for the past three months, no restricted movements through pre-inspection, and the muscular strength of the body should belong to the normal grade. Using SLR, the sequence of experimental actions was chosen from the following but not limited to left-hand, body-hand, and back-line forces. Resting between movements lasted for 2 min, and the experiments were conducted after wearing the EMS abdominal pressure belt. Electrical stimulation was applied for 10 min to increase blood flow and muscle activation. The statistics of the experimental results were analyzed for specific differences by conducting the Wilcoxon and Friedman tests with nonparametric tests. The ranking results of each pattern were successfully assessed in the order of 5, 4, 3, 1, 2 for the five patterns, and we could identify slightly more significant results for experimental behavior associated with each muscle movement. Patterns produced based on anatomy showed differentiated effects when electric stimulation was applied to each muscle in different shapes, which could improve the stabilization of the lumbar spine in everyday life or training to the public. Based on these results, subsequent research would focus on developing smart healthcare clothing that is practical in daily life by employing different anatomical mechanisms, depending on the back pain, to utilize trunk-type tights.

• 한국노년학
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1069-1087
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to closely examine the effects of aromatherapy on Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia(BPSD) to the elderly in a nursing home, and to help the application of aromatherapy is expected to be conducive to managing the quality life in the dementia and the care-giver, and to provide a base of the aromatherapy application as an elderly program in geriatric institutions. This is an one group pre-post test design and the research subjects were the dementia in a nursing home those were totally 15 available for communication or intention observation. Aromatherapy was offered for 3 weeks totally 15 times by once a day in each with aroma hand massage and inhalation, by blending essential oils, Lavender, Chamomile Roman and Grapefruit. The results are as follows. Given examining a change in the whole about whether there are effects of aromatherapy on BPSD, there was significant difference in a change depending on the experimental period with 1.47 for the pre-measurement value, 1.09 for the post 1-measurement value, 1.01 for the post 2-measurement value and 0.71 for the post 3-measurement value. And, even the difference in experimental period was indicated to have significant difference(F=11.501, p<0.001). As an itemized results, the effect of aromatherapy were indicated to have significant difference on easing the anxiety, anguish, fear, dreadful feeling, depressed feeling, and outstandingly bustling movement, and outstandingly inactive behavior, and sleep disturbance and behavior of wandering about at night. On the basis of the result in this study, the application of aromatherapy is expected to lead the quality life in the dementia, and to contribute to health of mind and body in the dementia as an program in geriatric institutions.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.59
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• pp.395-423
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• 2018

Since the middle of the 19th century, East Asia, especially Korea, was oppressed externally by the imperialism of Japan and others while internally long-lasting political convention like in-law government was driving the country into troubles at home and abroad. Witnessing such a situation and building up scholarly capability through reading over nearly all spheres, a Confucian philosopher, Ch'oe Han-gi (崔漢綺, 1803-1877), philosophized about the clue to the solution of such a choking phenomenon. Ch'oe believed that there was movement, ki (matter, material force, energy) of revolving transformation inherent in all things, people, or objects. Grasping even the principle and order of existence inherent in things from the viewpoint of ki, he tried to change the traditional theory on the law of existence of things that there existed an ontological reason lacking in motility, which was more dominant than anything existing in the universe and which ruled over the world. From this, he elucidated that the Way, an identity that rules over all affairs and things, was not simply one but diverse. This means, on one hand, that he tentatively accepted the relativity of things. On the other hand, he also taught us "oneness in all things" in which all including human beings exist in close connection to each other transcending the relativity or "agreement" in which they exist in harmony as one and "unity" in which they are united into one.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2022

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect Tiger-step walking on the movement of the lower extremities during walking. Method: Twenty healthy male adults who had no experience of musculoskeletal injuries on lower extremities in the last six months (age: 26.85 ± 3.28 yrs, height: 174.6 ± 3.72 cm, weight: 73.65 ± 7.48 kg) participated in this study. In this study, 7-segments whole-body model (pelvis, both side of thigh, shank and foot) was used and 29 reflective markers and cluster were attached to the body to identify the segments during the gait. A 3-dimensional motion analysis with 8 infrared cameras and 7 channeled EMG was performed to find the effect of tigerstep on uphill walking. To verify the tigerstep effect, a one-way ANOVA with a repeated measure was used and the statistical significance level was set at α=.05. Results: Firstly, Both Tiger-steps showed a significant increase in stance time and stride length compared with normal walking (p<.05), while both Tiger-steps shown significantly reduced cadence compared to normal walking (p<.05). Secondly, both Tiger-steps revealed significantly increased in hip and ankle joint range of motion compared with normal walking at all planes (p<.05). On the other hand, both Tiger-steps showed significantly increased knee joint range of motion compared with normal walking at the frontal and transverse planes (p<.05). Lastly, Gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, medial gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior of both tiger-step revealed significantly increased muscle activation compared with normal walking in gait cycle and stance phase (p<.05). On the other hand, in swing phase, the muscle activity of the vastus medialis, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior of both tiger-step significantly increased compared with those of normal walking (p <.05). Conclusion: As a result of this study, Tiger step revealed increased in 3d range of motion of lower extremity joints as well as the muscle activities associated with range of motion. These findings were evaluated as an increase in stride length, which is essential for efficient walking. Therefore, the finding of this study prove the effectiveness of the tiger step when walking uphill, and it is thought that it will help develop a more efficient tiger step in the future, which has not been scientifically proven.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.171-183
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare universal goniometry (UG), which is commonly used in clinical practice to measure the range of motion (ROM) of finger joints with a wearable soft sensor glove, and to analyze the reliability to determine its usefulness. Methods: Ten healthy adults (6 males, 4 females) participated in this study. The metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP), interphalangeal joint (IP), and proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) of both hands were measured using UG and Mollisen HAND soft sensor gloves during active flexion, according to the American Society for Hand Therapists' measurement criteria. Measurements were taken in triplicate and averaged. The mean and standard deviation of the two methods were calculated, and the 95% limits of agreement (LOA) of the measurements were calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plot to examine the reliability and discrepancies between the measurements. Results: The results of the mean values of the flexion angles for the active range of motion (AROM) of the finger joints showed large angular differences in the finger joints, except for the MCP of the thumb. In the inter-rater reliability analysis according to the measurement method, the ICC (2, 1) value showed a low level close to 0, and the mean difference by the Bland-Altman plot showed a value greater than 0, showing a pattern of discrepancy. The 95% LOA had a wide range of differences. Conclusion: This study is a preliminary study investigating the usefulness of the soft sensor glove, and the reliability analysis showed a low level of reliability and inconsistency. However, if future studies can overcome the limitations of this study and the technical problems of the soft sensor glove in the development stage, it is suggested that the measurement instrument can show more accurate measurement and higher reliability when measuring ROM with UG.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.555-561
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• 2014

Artificial intelligence in the game is mainly used to determine patterns of behavior of NPC (Non Player Character) and the enemy, path finding. These artificial intelligence is implemented by FSM (Finite State Machine) or Flocking method. The number of NPC behavior in FSM method is limited by the number of FSM states. If the number of states is too small, then NPC player can know the behavior patterns easily. On the other hand, too many implementation cases make it complicated. The NPC behaviors in Flocking method are determined by the leader's decision. Therefore, players can know easily direction of movement patterns or attack pattern of NPCs. To overcome these problem, this paper proposes agonistic behaviors(attacks, threats, showing courtesy, avoidance, submission)in animals to apply for the NPC, and implements agonistic behaviors using Unity3D engine. This paper can help developing a real sense of the NPC artificial intelligence.

• IEMEK Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2018

Military camera equipment has a problem that observability is inferior due to various shaking factors. In this paper, we propose an image stabilization algorithm considering performance and execution time to solve this problem and implemented it in Zynq SoC. We stabilized both the simple shaking in the fixed observation position and the sudden shaking in the moving observation position. The feature of the input image is extracted by the Sobel edge algorithm, the subblock with the large edge data is selected, and the motion vector, which is the compensation reference, is calculated through template matching using the 3-step search algorithm of the region of interest. In addition, the proposed algorithm can distinguish the shaking caused by the simple shaking and the movement by using the Kalman filter, and the stabilized image can be obtained by minimizing the loss of image information. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, experiments on various images were performed. In comparison, PSNR is improved in the range of 2.6725~3.1629 (dB) and image loss is reduced from 41% to 15%. On the other hand, we implemented the hardware-software integrated design using HLS of Xilinx SDSoC tool and confirmed that it operates at 32 fps on the Zynq board, and realized SoC that operates with real-time processing.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.169-178
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of angular joint mobilization (AJM) on the shoulder pain, range of motion, and functional improvement in a patient with shoulder adhesive capsulitis. Methods: The patient diagnosed with right shoulder adhesive capsulitis by an orthopedic surgeon was a 60-year-old male, right hand/arm dominant, with a height of 175 cm and weight of 75 kg. The patient received 12 sessions of AJM once or twice per week for eight weeks. AJM was applied for 5 min each of flexion, abduction, external rotation, internal rotation, for a total of 20 min per session. The visual analog scale, the goniometer, and the Oxford shoulder score were used to measure pain, range of motion, and shoulder pain & disability index, respectively. Results: After all the treatments, the pain decreased from 6 to 2 points. The range of motion increased in flexion by $54.3^{\circ}$ from $125^{\circ}$ to $179.3^{\circ}$, abduction by $38^{\circ}$ from $140^{\circ}$ to $178^{\circ}$, external rotation by $54.4^{\circ}$ from $30.3^{\circ}$ to $84.7^{\circ}$, and internal rotation by $25^{\circ}$ from $45^{\circ}$ to $70^{\circ}$. The shoulder disability index decreased from 33 points to 17 points. Conclusion: This study found that AJM has a positive effect on the improvement of shoulder pain, range of motion, and function in a patient with shoulder adhesive capsulitis. Further studies on AJM are needed in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.193-198
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• 2003

In the present study, the vestibularly evoked activity of inferior olive (IO) neurons was examined to investigate the vertical vestibular information transmitted through the vestibulo-olivo-cerebellar climbing fiber pathway. The extracellular recording was made in 74 neurons of the IO of cats, while animals were sinusoidally rotated. Most of vestibularly activated IO neurons responded to the vertical rotation (roll) test and were found in or near the ${\beta}$ subnuclei $(IO{\beta})$. The vestibular IO neurons were activated, when the animal was rotated to the side contralateral to the recording site. In contrast to the observation that the gain of responses of yaw sensitive cells (YSC) was not changed by the rotation frequency, that of the roll-sensitive cells (RSC) decreased as the rotation frequency was increased. Regardless of RSC or HSC, IO neurons showed the tendency of phase-lag in their responses. The alternating excitatory and inhibitory phases of responses of RSC were dependent on the direction of head orientation, the characteristics of which are the null response plane (NRP) and the optimal response plane (ORP). The analysis based on the NRP of RSC showed that vestibular inputs from the ipsilateral anterior semicircular canal induced the NRP of the RSC response at about 45 degree counterclockwise to the longitudinal axis of the animal, and that those inputs were distributed to RSC in the rostral part of $IO{\beta}$. On the other hand, those from the posterior semicircular canal were related with the NRP at about 45 degree clockwise and with the caudal part of the $IO{\beta}$. These results suggest that IO neurons receive and encode the vestibular information, the priority of which seems to be the vertical component of the body movement rather than the horizontal ones.

• 한국석유지질학회:학술대회논문집
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• spring
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• pp.29-37
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• 1998

The sedimentary succession on the northern coast of Jindo and the adjacent area comprises the thinly bedded, fine-grained deposits of an epiclastic sandstone, siltstone, black shale/mudstone, and cherty mudstone (ca. 200m in vertical thickness), which are interpreted as the finely stratified turbidites mainly by density underflow-induced currents. Most deposits can be divided into eight facies: thin-bedded, ash-rich massive sandstone layer (mS), graded and laminated mudstone layer (glM), graded mudstone layer with ripple lamination (rM), laminated and graded siltstone layer (lgZ), finely laminated black shale layer (IBS), structureless mudstone layer (mM), thin-bedded cherty mudstone layer (lCM), and contorted and laminated mudstone layer (dlM), The thin-bedded, ash-rich sandstone facies is interpreted to be deposited from high-density turbid underflows during a relatively large flooding. Most thinly bedded mudstone facies would be deposited from low-density turbid underflows (turbidity currents) with some different hydrodynamic condition and sediment concentration during the high discharge of river water. Whereas the structureless mudstone facies may result from raining down of suspended sediment intermittently supplied by overflows and interflows. From the entire succession, graded and laminated mudstone layers interbedded with thin-bedded, ash-rich massive sandstone are dominant in the lower part of the succession, and graded mudstone layers with ripple lamination ripple lamination occur mainly in the middle part of it. On the other hand, iaminated/raded siltstone and contorted/laminated mudstone layers prevail in the upper part. The transition of facies association is suggestive of the continuous change of main depositional setting from basin plain to lower slope, which could be due to the movement of depocenter by the increase of sediment supply (volcanic activity).