• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.11
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• pp.1637-1644
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• 2015

To develop health-functional food ingredients for improvement of diabetes, we examined biological activities, including total contents of polyphenols and flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and inhibition of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase activities of ethanol extracts from unripe fruit of Momordica charantia L. cultivated in Hamyang, Korea. Ethanol extracts were tested using different ethanol concentrations (0%, 30%, 50%, and 70%) and temperatures ($50^{\circ}C$ and $70^{\circ}C$). Experimental results showed that total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were achieved concentrations of 7.77 mg/g (tannic acid), 7.66 mg/g (gallic acid), and 10.66 mg/g (rutin). The hydroxyl radical scavenging, ABTS cation radical scavenging, and FRAP activities were 82.19%, 42.82%, and 0.19 under the same conditions, respectively. The highest inhibitory activities of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase were achieved in the 70% ethanol extract at $70^{\circ}C$. These results will be useful for development of health functional foods for anti-diabetes using 70% ethanol extract from unripe fruit of bitter melon.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.13-34
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• 1997

The impact of a central place on daily living over wide outlying territory has been one of traditional subjects in the field of urban geography. The flow of rural population toward the central city of Chinju characterizes the population movement in Western Kyungnam, where the spillover of urban population into outlying areas, an especially prominent phenomenon in American society, does not occur. The central city of Chinju is supposed to be the most favored settlement area in Western Kyungnam. More than two thousands of teachers. who live in Chinju, cross the city boundary each morning to do their jobs in Western Kyungnam. But only ninety teachers living outside Chinju commute to the workplace in the city. The teachers willingly spend hours commuting each day to enjoy better quality of life in the central city. In fact, the central city of Chinju functions as bedroom communities for many middle-class workers in Western Kyungnam. On the basis of teachers' commuting behavior, four levels of Chinju's urban spheres are identified in Western Kyungnam. As Table-6 and Figure-2 show, the first-order level of Chinju's sphere includes most Myuns of Sanchung/Hadong Guns and some Myuns of Sachun/Gosung Guns. The second-order level comprises Sanchung/Sachun Eubs and many Myuns of Sachun /Gosung Guns. The third-order level is made up of Samchunpo, Hadong/Gosung/Eryung/Namhae/Habchun/Hamyang Eups, and many Myuns of Eryung/Namhae/Habchun Guns. And all of Guchang Gun and most Myuns of Hamyang Gun belong to the fourth-order level of Chinju's sphere. The influence sphere of Metropolitan Chinju is extended farther in the direction of less competition with other metropolises. Such a situation occurs to the west and south of Chinju. Daily commuting, defined as the journeys to and from work, is an excellent indicator for delimiting urban spheres of influence.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.335-343
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• 2006

Five strains of Korean entomopathogenic nematodes(EPN), steinernematids and heterorhabditids(Steinernama carpocapsae GSN1, Steinernema sp. GSNUS-10, Steinernama sp. GSNUS-14, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Hamyang, Heterorhabditis sp. GSNUH-1) were evaluated and tried in petri dish, pot, and vegetable greenhouses for environmentally friendly control of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. $LC_{50}$ values of five EPN strains against beet armyworm was different depending on nematode strain and beet armyworm instar. $LC_{50}$ value of Steinernema carpocapse GSN1(GSN1) was 3.8-5.1 infective juveniles(Ijs) in 2nd to 4th instars of beet armyworm. Pathogenicity of five EPN strains against beet armyworm different in nematode strain, concentration, application times, and vegetable species in pot and greenhouse. Steinernema spp. was more effective than Heterorhabditis spp. against beet armyworm. Two or three times of applications of EPN were found to be effective regardless of nematode strain and concentration in pot and greenhouse. ENP showed different reactions on vegetable species. Efficacy of EPN was higher on Chinese cabbage than that on cabbage and kale. GSN1 was one of the most effective nematodes and 100,000 infective juveniles per $m^2$(720,000 Ijs/$7.2m^2=1{\times}10^9$Ijs/ha) resulted in higher mortality in greenhouse.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.126-143
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• 2013

Myeonghwalsanseong Fortress and Namsansinseong Fortress in Gyeongju are one of the few that have accurate records of when and who constructed the structures. Based on the monument commemorating the construction of Myeonghwalsanseong Fortress and the construction technique and structure of the fortresses confirmed through excavation survey, it can be induced that Myeonghwalsanseong Fortress was built prior to the 7th century. Meanwhile, Namsansinseong Fortress is believed to have been erected in 679, with the exception of one part of the wall found in the northwestern valley that was built during the first construction period of 591. Referring to the construction method of these fortresses in the royal capital, Gyeongju, various recentlystudied fortresses were reviewed to estimate the construction periods. As a result, Haman Seongsansanseong Fortress, which takes similar form with Myeonghwalsanseong Fortress, is believed to have been built during the mid-6th century based on the construction method and supplementary work method(i.e. Bochuk). Yangdongsanseong Fortress in Gimhae and Singisanseong Fortress, similar in their construction method, are also believed to be from the same period. Meanwhile, Jusanseong Fortress of Goryeong, despite the similar construction technique used, the construction technique used for Bochuk or limited Bochuk imply a time gap. Separately, most of the remaining walls of Namsansinseong Fortress appear to date back to the additional construction period, and Sageunsanseong Fortress in Hamyang and Dadaesanseong Fortress in Geoje that show similar construction method are set for the same period. Such conclusion was drawn from straight layer piling using the refined rectangular stones found in the fortress and the supplementary part remaining thereof. In addition, the study discovered a cross-section triangular water hole at Yangdongsanseong Fortress in Gimhae and Sageunsanseong Fortress in Hamyang and the trace of wooden fences constructed before the construction of stone-wall, reaping outcomes rarely found in this region.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.97-102
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• 2009

This study was carried out to evaluate litterfall dynamics in three adjacent coniferous tree plantations (larch: Larix leptolepis; red pine: Pinus densiflora; rigitaeda pine: P. rigitaeda) planted in the same year (1963), and growing under similar environmental conditions in the Sambong Exhibition Forests, Hamyang-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do. Litter was collected monthly between July 2006 and June 2008. Needle, broad leaf and total litter inputs followed a similar monthly pattern in the three coniferous plantations. The amounts of needles, flowers, and miscellaneous litter were significantly lower in the larch than in the two pine plantations, while branch litter was significantly higher in the larch than in the two pine plantations. Average total litterfall for two years was significantly higher for the pine (5,475 kg $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ for red pine and 5,290 kg $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ for rigitaeda pine) plantations than for the larch (3,953 kg $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ plantation. Needle litter comprised about 73.1% of total litterfall for the rigitaeda pine, 70.8% for the red pine and 62.9% for the larch plantations. Our results demonstrate that litterfall inputs can be affected by tree species.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.213-227
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• 2017

The recent entry into information society as well as the development and universalization of the Internet through rapid development of ICT technology produced a new educational method called PMP learning. PMP learning overcomes restrictions of previous education methods in terms of time and space and allows the learners to customize their learning environments according to their leads, providing voluntary education that centers on the learners. This study aims to verify the causal relationship in academic achievement of PMP learners through the theory of basic psychological desire, learning satisfaction, and learning metastasis. In order to accomplish this, a study model which applies perceived autonomy, perceived competence, and perceived relationship, which are major variables of the theory of basic psychological desire, was presented. For practical verification of the study model, survey analysis was conducted for students of R High School in Hamyang. Through this, the study aims to provide basic materials for improving the academic achievement of learners in PMP learning. It also plans to suggest educational effects that can be obtained by supporting intrinsic motivation of learners.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.347-349
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• 2001

Black blights attacked the blossom and flower buds of wild chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum boreale) in the experimental field in Hamyang in 1998. The infection rate of the disease on the plant ranged from 4.0 to 91.8%. The pathogen isolated from the infected flower buds produced numerous conidia in pycnidia. The pycnidia, which were immersed into the petals, emerged through the epidermis by short ostiolate neck. Conidia had 0-3 septate (mostly uniseptate) and were 10-27.5 $\times$5-7.5 ㎛ in size. The fungus produced pseudothecia on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and uniseptate ascospores produced in asci were 10$\times$2.7 ㎛ in size. The pathogen also produced pycnidia and pycnidiospores on PDA after 4 weeks in the dark condition. The conidia produced on PDA were smaller than those from infected plants. Based on the examined mycological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Didymella chrsanthemi.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2014

The newly recorded species, Crepidomanes schmidtianum (Zenker ex Tasch.) K. Iwats. (Hymenophyllaceae) was collected from forests in Mt. Jirisan, Baegmu-dong, Macheon-myeon, Hamyang-gun, Gyeongsangnam- do. C. schmidtianum (vernacular name: 'Du-me-goe-bul-i-kki') was distinguished from other Korean congeners of the genus Crepidomanes by having pseudo-vein, almost wingless in stipe, and involucres cup shaped with dilated. A new Korean name, 'Du-me-goe-bul-i-kki', was given based on its habitat. Descriptions and illustrations of this taxon and its photograph in the habitat are provided along with a key to the species of Crepidomanes from Korea.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.32 no.2 s.89
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• pp.126-131
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• 2006

The objective of this study was monitoring of genetically modified soybean by PCR and ELISA. We collected 60 soybean samples from the open markets located in Western Gyeongnam (Sacheon, Hamyang, Hadong, Sanchung, Uiryung, Geochang, and Hapcheon). A total of 60 soybeans was examined and 14 genetical modified soybean (GMS) were detected by PCR. The GMS rate of selling soybean in Uiryung, Hadong, Sacheon, and Hapcheon was 50.0%, 37.5%, 33.3% and 25%, respectively. The 7 of 14 GMSs were positive by ELISA and most of positive samples were below 3% GMS but 1 (Uiryung 1) of the positive samples was over the 3% which is maximum permit limit in Korea. These results mean that merchants of open market did not express for selling soybean mixed with GMS, so consumers did not recognize GMO. Therefore, we thought that education of GMO for merchant of open market need to recognize about GMO maximum permit limit.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.67-71
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• 2004

This study was carried out to evaluate soil carbon and nutrient storage of three adjacent coniferous plantations (Larix leptolepis, Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigitaeda) growing on a similar site with a same planting age (42-year old) in the Sambong Exhibition Forests, Hamyang-gun, Gyungsangnam-do. The soil carbon concentration among three plantations was not significantly different in 0∼10cm soil depth, but other two depths (10∼20cm and 20∼30cm) showed higher carbon concentration in P. densiflora plantation than the other two plantations. The exchangeable cation concentrations (Ca and Mg) in 0∼10cm depth were significantly lower in L. leptolepis plantation than in the other two plantations, while nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were not significantly different among three plantations except for nitrogen at 10∼20cm depth in P. rigitaeda plantation. Soil carbon storage in 0∼20cm depth of three plantations was unaffected by the stand types. Soil nutrient storage was not significantly different at each depth except for nitrogen storage at 10∼20cm depth in P. rigitaeda plantation because of the variation of bulk density and coarse fragment. This result demonstrates that soil carbon and nutrient concentrations among the plantations on a similar soil condition can be altered significantly by tree species effects over 40 years after plantation establishment.