• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 1997.11a
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• pp.564-572
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• 1997

Following the ratification of Vienna Convention for Ozone Layer Protection and Montreal Protocol, Indonesia will implement the phasing-out of to halon at end 1996. Questions are increasing especially from the users where halon has used for many years as the most effective fire extinguishing agent, concerning halon substitutes, alternative systems as well as the handling and utilization of the existing halon. Halon can still be used for critical and essential uses, however, such usage has been gradually eliminated, due to the emergence of halon-like replacement. A concept of halon banking system is proposed to considered, taking into account several aspects such as enforced regulation, institutional involvement technology as well as financing. This paper gives a general overview regarding phase-out implementation, alternative extinguishing systems and concept on halon banking system with special reference to Indonesian case.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.135-142
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• 2017

As PED(Personal Electronic Device) market has been rapidly grown, the demand on Lithium battery, which is most commonly used power source of PED, also has been increased. Dew to this trend, the amount of Lithium battery air transportation is also increasing. However, it should be treated very carefully because Lithium is one of very explosive metal. So ICAO, IATA and civil aviation agencies try to enhance the safety of Lithium battery air transportation by aircraft certification and operating regulations. To enhance in-flight safety, the aircraft for transporting Lithium battery should equip certified fire extinguishing system. But recent studies find that Halon, currently used extinguishing agent, is not effective on extinguishing Lithium battery fire. Besides, there is no certified Halon replacement for air use and no acceptable specific minimum performance standard(MPS) for Lithium battery fire. For this issue, a study on characteristics and establishing MPS of Lithium battery fire is needed for safe air transportation of Lithium battery.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 1997.11a
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• pp.542-549
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• 1997

HFC-227ea and HCFC Blend A were evaluated using full-scale fire tests to obtain information on their fire suppression performance, drop-in capability, thermal decomposition products and physical behaviour of the agent such as its flow characteristics in the piping system. Also, full-scale tests were conducted with Halon 1301 to provide a basis for comparison. Halon 1301, at concentrations of 5% to 7.5%, showed effective total-flooding fire- extinguishing performance for all test scenarios. HFC-227ea, at a design concentration of 7.6% or higher, and HCFC Blend A, at a design concentration of 12%, extinguished all fires in the test facility, however, these agents produced higher concentrations of acid gases than Halon 1301. The quantity of the acid gases generated during fire suppression was dependent on agent concentration, agent discharge time, fire type and size as well as extinguishment time.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.26-31
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• 2002

Bromotrifluoromethane(halon-1301) and bromochlorodifluoromethane(halon-1211) have been widely used as a clean fire extinguishing agents due to their outstanding properties. However, production and use of halon are currently being phased out under an international agreements Montreal Protocol because of global environmental concerns and HFCs have been considered as promising alter-natives for the replacement of halon since their ozone depletion potentials are low. The vapor-liquid equilibrium data are required as important basic information in evaluating the solubility of clean fire extinguishing agents and determining their optimal compositions. In this work, we chose HFCs such as HFC-22 HFC-125, and HFC-l34a for gaseous fire extinguishing agents and nitrogen as a pressurization gas for a proper jet velocity of these agents. Phase equilibria for binary mixtures of nitrogen/HFC-22, nitrogen/HFC-125, and nitrogen/HFC-l34a were measured in the temperature range from 283.15K to 303.15K. For equilibrium measurement, we used a circulation type apparatus in which both vapor and liquid phases were continuously recirculated. The experimental data were relatively well correlated with the Peng-Robinson equation of state with Wong-Sandier mixing rules.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.51-55
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• 2019

To prevent ozone depletion caused by CFCs, the replacement of Halon with clean agents has been developed in the fire protection field along with refrigerants, detergents, and foaming agents. The alternatives for Halon 1211 have been developed in the portable fire extinguisher area and HCFC-123 is used widely as a clean fire extinguishing agent. The type of expellant gas is important because their own vapor pressure is low. In this study, HCFC-123, HCFC-124, HFC-125, and Novec-1230 were selected as fire extinguishing agents and CO₂, which is expected to improve the fire extinguishing ability, was chosen as the expellant gas. For each agent, experiments changing the agent and CO₂ amount were carried out and HCFC-123 showed a good result, as expected. The extinguisher, HCFC-123 of 1.5 kg, showed the same ability to suppress a class A and B fire as the extinguisher, HCFC-123 of 2.5 kg, which is currently sold on the market. According to this result, the expellant gas has a subsidiary fire extinguish effect. This can reduce the amount of HCFC fire extinguishing agent, which is categorized in the phase-out alternatives, and is a more eco-friendly and economical fire extinguisher than the previous one. This study can also help solve the problems of CO₂ fire extinguishers for class B and C fires, and can be used to extinguish electric and electron facilities fire, which contains large amounts of class A fire combustibles.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.251-265
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• 2006

To prevent the ozonosphere from being destroyed by Halon, it is an urgent task to find out Halon replacement. As one of the replacements water mist have showed broad applications by its advantages: little pollution to environment (not destroying the ozone layer or bring green house effect), extinguishing fire quickly, consuming a small quantity of water and having little damage to the protected objects. The methods of generating water mist strongly influence fire suppression effectiveness, which determine the cone angle, drop size distribution, flux uniformity, and momentum of the generating spray. The traditional water mist nozzle included pressure jet nozzles, impingement nozzles and twin-fluid nozzles. All of them have more or less disadvantages for fire suppression. Therefore, many research institutes and corporations are taking up with innovations in mist generation. This article provided some recent studies in State Key Laboratory of Fire Science (SKLFS) of University of Science and Technology of China. SKLFS have investigated new methods of generating water mist (i.e. effervescent atomization and ultrasonic atomization). and self developed a series of nozzles and developed advanced DPIVS (Digital Particle Image Velocimetry and Sizing) technique. Characteristics of water mist (the distribution of droplet sizes, flux density, spray dynamics and cone angle) produced by these nozzles were measured under different conditions (work pressure, nozzle geometry, etc.) using LDV/APV and DPTVS systems. A series of experiments were performed to study the fire suppression effectiveness in different fire scenario (different kindsof the fuel, fire size and ventilation conditions). The fire extinguishing mechanisms of water mist was also discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.21-29
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• 2002

With regard to the personnel safety and other safety when the gas suppressants are discharged into the area where occupants exist, the short term and long term effects to the health of people are discussed mainly with the Carbon dioxide agent and Halon Replacement agents system. To gain the benefits of CO2 extinguishing systems while minimizing risk to people serious attention must be given to personnel safety in the design, installation, and maintenance of CO2 systems. Training of personnel is essential. A major factor in the use of a clean agent fire suppressant in a normally occupied area is toxicity. While all halocarbon agents are tested for long-term health hazards, the primary endpoint is acute or short-term exposure, The primary acute toxicity effects of the halocarbon agents described here are anesthesia and cardiac sensitization. For inert gases, the primary physiological concern is reduced oxygen concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.7-12
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• 2007

The search for a new fire-extinguishing agent with all the desirable properties of halon 1301 has not been successful. To study binary gaseous extinguishing agents instead, one has to determine the extinguishing concentrations for several compositions of a given chemical in an inert gas. This process is expensive and time consuming. The fire suppression efficiencies of gas mixtures of HFC 125 and HFC 227ea with nitrogen as total flooding agents were studied by cup burner method. It was shown that addition of small amounts of those extinguishants to nitrogen can enhance the suppression effectiveness of the inert gas. As expected, the degree of synergism was highest at low concentrations of the chemical. For each binary system, extinguishing concentrations of the pure compounds and one binary data were used to predict the extinguishing concentrations for the entire range of binary composition. The predicted values were very close to experimental data.