• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.405-411
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• 2013

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the difference between genuine and pseudo halitosis about qi stagnation and stress. Methods : We recruited 63 halitosis patients who visited the halitosis clinic in the Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital from June 2012 to August 2013. We classified the halitosis patients into two groups, genuine and pseudo halitosis based on organoleptic assesment (OLT) score and evaluated the severity of self-reported halitosis using visual analog scale (VAS), amount of sulfide compounds using Halimeter, qi stagnation level using qi stagnation questionnaire and stress levels using heart rate variability (HRV) parameters. Results : Comparing the genuine halitosis group and the pseudo halitosis group, there was no significant difference in VAS of halitosis but significant difference in halimeter score. Distribution of qi stagnation and non-qi stagnation groups was significantly different between genuine and pseudo halitosis. Compared to the genuine halitosis group, the pseudo halitosis group showed a significant higher value of low frequency/high frequency ratio (LF/HF ratio). Conclusions : The result of this study suggest that there is significant difference about qi stagnation and stress level between genuine halitosis and pseudo halitosis patients, so when approaching pseudo halitosis patients, we should consider their psychological and emotional status.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.370-377
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• 2015

There is a growing interest in halitosis and diverse Korean medical studies are being conducted about it. But there are few study about teatment effect of halitosis after Korean medical care, treatment duration, and factor affecting recovery rate. Thus, the purpose of this study is to research clinical characteristic of halitosis patients, factor affecting halitosis, recovery rate of halitosis, treatment duration, factor affecting recovery rate by analyzing halitosis patients retrospectively. People who were over 19 and visited Korean medical clinic in Seoul to want to be treated halitosis in 2014 were analyzed retrospectively. We analyzed general and living characteristics of halitosis patients, halitosis-related symptoms and diseases, level of halitosis and halitosis-related symptoms both before and after treatment, treatment duration of halitosis patients, prescription of halitosis patients, recovery rate of level of halitosis and halitosis-related symptoms by general characteristic and duration of symptoms. Female, thirties, and Nonsmoker had the highest proportion in general characteristic. The average duration of halitosis is 41.6months and treatment duration is 2.55months. The average of sensory evaluation score is 3.40±2.53, subjective evaluation score is 5.02±1.53, lump sensation on throat is 3.52±2.50, postnasal drip is 1.11±1.88, dry mouth is 4.13±2.17, quality of life is 6.07±1.13. Gamichiuitang is used the most among prescriptions. Sensory evaluation, subjective evaluation, lump sensation on throat, postnasal drip, dry mouth, and quality of life had better score compared with pre-treatment. Duration of symptoms is in weak inverse proportion to sensory evaluation, subjective evaluation, dry mouth, quality of life. This study is meaningful in the way to find recovery rate of halitosis after korean medical care, treatment duration, and factor affecting recovery rate not progressed until now. But this study also has limits such as not analyzing objective data using halitosis measuring instrument and lack of methodical scale about quality of life. Therefore, succeeding study such as clinical trials is needed to verify reliability of Korean medical treatment.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제41권1호통권404호
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• pp.42-47
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• 2003

Dental professions recommend that mandibular impacted third molar be extracted for the prevention of osteomyelities crneoplasm or for the treatment of halitosis. Even the possibility of emergence of unexpected halitosis after the preventive extraction exists, there are few studies describing the unexpected halitosis. This study intended to measure the emergence of halitosis after extraction of mandibular impacted third molar. Thirty-eight patients who visited Daejin Medical Center participated in this study. Halitosis was objectively measured using Halimeter in 3 intervals-before, after I day, after 7 days. Third factors, scaling and gender, which may influence the halitosis were analyzed with stratification. This study finds that in general halitosis decreased after 1 day but increased after 7 days. Scaling was helpful in decreasing halitosis and women have less severe halitosis than men. The effects of time interval(p<0.05), gender(p=0.836), and scaling(p=0.7929) on the severity of halitosis were not statistically significant. However, since this study's patients are neither a representative sample nor a random sample, all data interpretation was focused on clinical significance instead of conventional statistical significance. Clinical significance of this study's findings are: 1) scaling should be conducted in advance, 2) men should be notified of the higher possibility of halitosis.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제28권2호통권70호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2007

Objective : Halitosis, or bad breath, is a common concern for many people. The aim of this study was to investigate clinical characteristics of halitosis patients and correlation with their various associated elements. Methods: We surveyed 169 halitosis patients by reviewing questionnaires from the Halitosis Clinic in the Hospital of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University from January 2004 to March 2006. The questionnaires contained various items including sex, age, history of smoking and alcohol intake, duration of symptoms in a week, time and condition of severe halitosis, suggestive origin of halitosis, taste abnormality, oral hygiene, self-assessed halitosis severity, dry mouth, postnasal drip, tonsillolith, globus pharyngeus, reflux sensation, too much gas and Winkel tongue coating index. Volatile sulfur compounds were measured with a $Halimeter^{\circledR}$. Results : The halitosis patients actively carried out management methods such as non-smoking, moderation in drink, teeth brushing and tongue scraping in order to decrease their oral malodor. Tongue coating significantly affected the $Halimeter^{\circledR}$ reading score, and tongue coating and dry mouth significantly affected self-assessed halitosis severity. Conclusions: Our results suggest that tongue coating and dry mouth should be treated to improve satisfaction in halitosis patients.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.387-395
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• 2022

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the difference between genuine and pseudo-halitosis in terms of clinical characteristics. Methods: We recruited 51 halitosis patients who visited the halitosis clinic at Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital from March 2020 to March 2022. We classified the halitosis patients into two groups, genuine and pseudo halitosis, based on oral chroma and evaluated the status of hyposalivation using the drainage method, stress levels using heart rate variability (HRV) parameters, and Ryodoraku. Results: Comparing the genuine halitosis group and the pseudo halitosis group, there was no significant difference in the status of hyposalivation and HRV parameters. However, Ryodoraku was significantly different between genuine and pseudo halitosis. Compared to the genuine halitosis group, the pseudo halitosis group showed a significantly higher value of total average (TA) of Ryodoraku. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that there is a significant difference in Ryodoraku between genuine halitosis and pseudo halitosis, so when approaching pseudo halitosis patients, we should consider their excitability of the sympathetic nervous system and metabolic function status.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.387-393
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• 2008

본 연구는 대구지역 일부 주민 332명을 대상으로 구취측정 및 구취실태를 조사한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 연구 대상자는 전체 332명 중 남자가 44.6%, 여자가 55.4%였다. 연령분포는 39세 이하가 32.5%로 가장 많았고 결혼 상태는 기혼이 82.2%였다. 직업은 무직이 28.6%로 가장 많았고 사무직이 15.7%, 전문직이 15.1%였다. 구강보건행태는 잇솔질 방법은 위아래로 닦는 사람이 46.4%로 가장 많았고 1일 잇솔질 횟수는 36.4%가 2회로 가장 많았고 55.6%가 혓솔질을 하고 있었다. 2. 구취측정시 마지막 식사시기는 1-2시간 전이 26.8%로 가장 많았고 현재 느끼는 구취인에서 63.3%가 '약간 난다'라고 하였다. 아침 식사 후가 구취가 가장 심하게 난다라고 26.3%가 응답하였고 냄새(구취)에 대한 인지는 '구린 냄새가 난다'라고 응답한 사람이 33.1%로 가장 많았다. 구취로 인해서 치과진료경험이 있는 사람이 11.4%였으며 구취치료에 대한 요구도가 63.9%였다. 3. 대상자의 구취농도는 100 ppb~149 ppb가 156명이며 평균 122.76 ppb였으며, 150 ppb이상은 54명이며 평균 195.26 ppb였으며 대상자의 63.3%가 구취관리 및 치료가 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 연령이 증가 할수록 구취농도가 높게 나타났으며(p < 0.05) 현재 느끼는 구취인지 정도가 높을수록 실제 구취농도가 높았고(p < 0.001). 구취로 인한 치과진료경험이 있는 사람이 구취농도가 높았다(p < 0.01). 본 결과를 바탕으로 대상자의 구취에 대한 지식 및 관리법의 미숙한 점과 구취에 대한 인지능력이 정확하지 않은 것을 고려해 볼 때 구취에 관한 홍보를 확대할 수 있는 기초자료수집과 계획 및 치과진료기관의 구취관리 프로그램의 활성화가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.263-275
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was performed analysis of Halitosis components following by subjective cognition of halitosis and Oral State in order to provide basic data for halitosis prevention and establish a device to efficiently eliminate halitosis and analyze the factors that affect the halitosis. Methods : 80 adults were participated who visited at the Dental Clinic in Kyoung-gi do, on the period of the March to September in 2010. The obtained results, through the oral examination, halitosis check and interview, Individually, were as followings. Results : According to the ammonia level was a high relationship between sex, CPI, Tongue plaque, DMFT index which were statistically significant (p<0.05). Total oral gas level was a relationship between VAS, tongue plaque, DMFT index(p<0.05). The Correlation coefficient between the Hydrogen sulfide level and Methyl mercaptan was estimated as r=0.534(p<0.01). As for the multiple regression analysis result, there have been selected dimethyl sulfide and Tongue plaque, Gingival index as factors affecting Bridge, Methyl mercaptan level is as factors affecting Hydrogen sulfide level. Conclusions : There was relationship between the periodontal disease and Ammonia gas component, hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, methyl mercaptan. Which were statistically significant total oral gas level and oral variables. Such dental caries as the prevention or early treatment of periodontal disease.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제55권9호
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• pp.640-656
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• 2017

Xerostomia is usually caused by a reduced salivary flow or by changes in the biochemical composition of saliva. Halitosis or oral malodor is an offensive odor usually originating from the oral cavity. Halitosis can lead to anxiety and psychosocial embarrassment. The occurrence of halitosis closely related with intraoral conditions including the presence of xerostomia. Especially, the relationship between xerostomia and halitosis is prominent in elderly patients receiving polypharmacy with at least two systemic diseases. This study is a review of the update literature of xerostomia and halitosis. A large number of papers have been searched and identified using the words , , , , , , and . Papers not relevant to the issue were removed reducing the entries to 79 only. Most of identified papers were systematic reviews, non-systematic reviews, and observational studies. With a proper diagnosis, identification of the etiology and timely referrals certain steps are taken to create a successful individualized therapeutic approach. It is significant to highlight the necessity of an interdisciplinary method for the treatment of xerostomia and halitosis to prevent misdiagnosis or unnecessary treatment. This article concisely focuses on the development of a systemic flow of events to come to the proper treatment of the xerostomia and halitosis.

• 대한치과의료관리학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between wearing masks and subjective symptoms of halitosis in the COVID-19 situation. The survey was conducted from June 15 to July 31, 2022, among university students aged 19 years or older in Daegu and Gyeongbuk, 1. Subjective symptoms of halitosis were found to be higher in males and students being treated for periodontal diseases. 2. The subjective symptoms of halitosis were found to be higher in subjects with psychological anxiety, even though they did not have halitosis. 3. As a result of examining the subjective symptoms of halitosis, it was found that there were more subjects who were aware of halitosis while wearing a mask than those who were not. In view of the above results, it is thought that because of prolonged wearing of masks due to the COVID-19 pandemic situation, the difficulty faced in oral health management increases the symptoms of halitosis. Therefore, it is considered that oral health education in the era of corona should be accompanied by proper wearing of masks and halitosis management education.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.747-755
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of the study is to investigate the appropriate prevention and management of halitosis and management for the elderly. Methods : A self-reported questionnaire was filled out by 320 elderly over 65 years old in Seoul and Gyeonggi from June to October, 2013. Except 28 incomplete answers, 292 copies were used for the analysis. Results : The correlation coefficient was 0.702 which was the degree of present halitosis and everyday halitosis. Elderly within 65-69 years old felt the halitosis very seriously. the level of halitosis felt everyday was also highest in those within 65-69 years old with mean $2.00{\pm}0.862$ points. Conclusions : The dissemination of correct knowledge of halitosis management can improve the subjective perception of the elderly oral health care.