• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.754-759
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• 2008

Purpose : Abnormal activation patterns of Th1/Th2-cells have been suggested to increase the prevalence of allergic diseases. Prevention is regarded as an important corner stone in the management of allergic diseases. In this study, we have investigated the relationship between cord blood levels of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-12 in preterm newborns and the development of allergic respiratory diseases in infancy Methods : Forty-six preterm newborns born at the Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital between January 2003 and July 2005, were enrolled for this study, and consent was obtained to test their cord blood samples. Clinical history was obtained from the hospital records. Cord blood was obtained at birth and kept frozen until it was tested. The levels of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-12 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results : All infants were followed-up for a median of $16.0months{\pm}13.2d$ (range, 12.0 to 36.0 months). Eighteen infants who developed wheezing showed lower cord blood levels of IL-12 ($366.60{\pm}140.40$ vs $435.09{\pm}91.20pg/mL$, P=0.009). Cord blood levels of IL-4 and IL-10 showed no significant difference between the two groups. Four newborns who later developed asthma, and infants with asthma showed lower IL-12 level in the cord blood than other groups. Conclusion : Lower concentration of cord blood levels of IL-12 in newborns who later developed wheezing and asthma suggested that they had abnormal activation patterns of Th1/Th2-cells at the time of birth, and cord blood IL-12 level can be used as a predictor of allergic respiratory diseases.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.29 no.3 s.54
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• pp.693-700
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to determine whether workers at a factory next to a lead recycling factory in Pusan, were affected by lead contamination. The mean air lead concentration of lead recycling factory was $0.21mg/m^3(TWA=0.05mg/m^3)$. Thirty-nine male workers of Factory A, Cr. plating factory next to the lead recycling factory were exposed group and a comparison group, 62 male workers of Factory B were selected from another Cr. plating factory about 8.5km away from lead recycling factory. Air lead concentration of each workplace was checked for 4 times from August f to August 20 in 1995 by low volume air sampler. Each subject was interviewed about age, life-style, smoking, work history, and residence etc, and venous blood was drawn for lead measurement by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. We have observed that air lead concentration and blood lead concentration of Factory A was higher than Factory $B(2.6{\pm}1.6\;Vs.\;1.2{\pm}0.2{\mu}g/m^3,\;14.9{\pm}1.6\;Vs.\;12.2{\pm}1.6{\mu}g/dl)$. We believe that other environmental lead sources such as transportation and residence did not affect air lead and blood lead concentration differences of both factory. We concluded that high air lead and blood lead concentration of Factory A were caused by lead contamination generated by the neighboring lead recycling factory.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1173-1178
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• 2012

Water competition among domestic, industrial and agricultural sectors has been gradually heightened recently in Korea as the lack of water supply is expected in the near future. About 46% of nation's water use is consumed in paddy farming to produce rice. And the conservation of water resource and quality in agricultural sector is a pending issue in the nation's long term water management plan. New paddy rice farming techniques that use significantly less irrigation water are urgently required. System of Rice Intensification (SRI) that is now well known to produce more rice with less water consumption has not been tried in Korea yet. And environmental effect of SRI on greenhouse gases (GHGs) has not been well investigated. The objective of this study was to measure the effect of SRI on GHGs as well as water use and rice yield in a Korean paddy condition. Three experimental runoff plots $5{\times}15m$ in size were prepared at an existing paddy field. Runoff, GHGs emission and water quality were measured during the 2011 growing seasons while a Japonica rice variety was cultivated. Rice plants grew better and healthier in SRI plots than in continuously flooded (CF) and intermittently drained (ID) plots. Rice yield from SRI plots increased 112.8 (ID)~116.1 (CF)% compared with CF and ID plots. Irrigation requirement of SRI plots compared to CF plot reduced by 52.6% and ID plot reduced by 62.0%, meaning that about 37.9~47.4% of irrigation water could be saved. GHGs emission from SRI plots reduced by 71.8% compared to that from CF plot and by 18.4% compared to that from ID plot, meaning that SRI could help contribute to ease the greenhouse gas accumulation in the atmosphere. It was believed that SRI is a promising paddy farming technique that could increase rice yield, and reduce irrigation water requirement and GHGs emission not just in Korea but also other rice farming countries all over the world. However, it was recommended that long term studies under different conditions including rice variety, soil texture, water source, climate need to be conducted for reliable data for the development of environmental policies related to GHGs emission control and management.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 1987

This study has been investigated the effect of Ganordema lucidum extract on Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth and physiology. Sacch. cerevisiae was inoculated in Hayduck solution medium which were added 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0% extracts of G. lucidum and fermented at $30^{\circ}C$ for 5 days respectively. Some results about cell number, alcohol content and carbon dioxide products during fermentation are as follows: $CO_2$ evolution of yeasts by addition of extract of G. lucidum was more increased than control after the fermentation for 120 hours. It was the most abundant by addition of 1.0% extract of pot-culture G. lucidum. The cell number of yeasts during the fermentation w as more increased than control by addition of extract of G. lucidum. It was by addition of extract of pot-culture G. lucidum that the cell number of yeasts was more increased than by each addition of extract of wood-culture G. lucidum and G. lucidum. Dry weight of yeasts was systematically increased in addition of extract of pot 0.5%>pot 1.0%>wild 1.0%>wood 1.0%=wood 0.5%>wild 0.5%>wild 0.1%>pot 0.1%>wood 0.1%>control in order. It was by addition of extract of pot-culture G. lucidum that. the dry weight of yeasts was more increased than by addition of woodculture G. lucidum and wild G. lucidum. Alcohol quantity by addition of extract of G. lucidum was increased more than 3 times after the fermentation for 72 hours compared with control but there was no any difference among them after the fermentation for 120 hours. The rate of sugar-consumption and fermentation of yeast by addition of extract of G. lucidum was highly increased during the early fermentation. As times went, there was no difference among them during the subsequent fermentation.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.273-278
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• 2007

Recently, the demand for the powdered products to process raw grains and vegetables has been expanded, and the growth possibility of their fields(markets) in the future will be highly valued with the westernization of living environment and the change of the dietary life. We have bought and analyzed the 111 products of raw grains and vegetables from the large-sized marts, markets and internet orders from March to October 2006. The rate of moisture content was $1.7{\sim}12.5%$. We also found out that the foods over 10% moisture content was 8 of those samples we bought or collected. Their ash rates were averagely $0.3{\sim}8.6%$. The number of those foods that the alien substances were detected was 2. The tar pigments, artificial sweeteners and sulfur dioxides of components that contained food additives were not detected. Each detection range of Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic of the injurious heavy metals was non-detectable $(nd){\sim}0.55,\;nd{\sim}4.52,\;nd{\sim}0.10mg/kg$, while the average detection content were 0.08, 0.48, 0.01 mg/kg. By investigating the contamination degree of the microflora, we discovered that the number of the aerobic plate count, B. cereus over 1,000 cfu/g and C. perfringens over 100 cfu/g was 36 (32.4%), 9 (8.1%) and zero, and that the whole sanitation condition of the products of powdered raw grains and vegetables circulated in the market was not so good.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.162-167
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• 2004

In this study, untreated (UT), water soaking (WT), and sanitizing solutions [chlorine at 100 ppm (CL): ethanol at 10% (ET); hydrogen peroxide at 1% (HP); chlorine at 100 ppm + ethanol at 10%(CE); chlorine at 100 ppm + hydrogen peroxide at 1% (CH); ethanol at 10% + hydrogen peroxide at 1% (EH); chlorine at 100 ppm + ethanol at 10% + hydrogen peroxide at 1% (CEH)] were compared in terms of their antimicrobial effectiveness against natural microflora of wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). All samples were kept in sanitizing solutions for 2 min, and effectiveness of sanitizing agents was evaluated based on number of decimal reduction of total aerobic mesophilic, total coliforms, E. coli, lactic acid bacteria, and yeast and mold counts. Average initial levels of these organisms in samples were $9.21{\pm}0.15,\;6.60{\pm}0.06,\;6.08{\pm}0.03,\;and\;3.66{\pm}0.08\;log_{10}\;CFU/g$ for total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, total coliforms, lactic acid bacteria, and yeasts and molds, respectively, Escherichia coli was not detected in any tested samples. Decimal reduction of populations of total aerobic mesophilic, total coliforms, E. coli, lactic acid bacteria, and yeasts and molds were: in $WT\;8.09,\;5.36,\;5.82,\;and\;3.57 log_{10}\;CFU/g;\;in \;CL\;7.39,\;4.10\;5.24,\;2.45\;log_{10}\;CFU/g;\;in\;ET\;6.78,\;4.23,\;5.20,\;2.50\;log_{10}\;CFU/g;\;in\;HP\;6.11,\;4.27,\;5.28,\;2.46\;log_{10}\;CFU/g;\;in\;CE\;6.18,\;4.26,\;5.31,\;2.49\;log_{10}\;CFU/g;\;in\;CH\;6.10,\;3.77,\;5.33,\;2.46\;log_{10}\;CFU/g;\;in\;EH\;6.07\;3.82,\;4.76,\;2.41\;log_{10}\;CFU/g;\;and\;in\;CEH\;5.27,\;3.45,\;4.45,\;2.15\;log_{10}\;CFU/g,$ respectively. Statistical analysis of the results showed effectiveness of CEH sanitizing solution for elimination of microbial contamination was the highest among all sanitizer treatments.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.237-245
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• 2007

We tested for residual pesticide levels in agricultural products purchased from 5 provinces within the middle region of Korea during 2006. A Total of 488 samples of 23 different types of agricultural products were analyzed by GC/MS, GC-NPD, and LC/MS/MS. We used multi-analysis methods to analyze for 231 different pesticide types; a single residual pesticides were detected in 92 samples (18.9%), of which 9 samples (1.9%) exceeded the Korea Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). we detected pesticide residue in more than 50% of the pepper leaf and welsh onion samples. For the welsh onions, 16 among the 30 analyzed samples contained pesticide residue, and 4 samples exceeded the Korea MRLs. Among the 234 kinds of pesticides we tested for, 42 were detected, and 21 of them were detected more than twice. Six pesticide residue types, including cypermethrin, iprodione, fludioxonil, ethoprophos, flutolanil, and lufenuron, exceeded the MRLs. No residual pesticides were detected in 396 of the samples (81.1%), and the residual pesticide levels in 83 samples (17.0%) were lower than the Korea MRLs, indicating that 98.1% of the samples were relatively safe.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.330-335
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the anti-diabetic mechanism of crude polysaccharides isolated from the fruiting bodies of Grifola frondosa. We treated 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells to observe whether the crude polysaccharides isolated from Grifola frondosa would stimulate insulin sensitivity. Significant insulin sensitizing activity was observed in the 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and giving the crude polysaccharide of Grifola frondosa with 1 nM of insulin caused glucose uptake to increase to a similar level as giving 50 nM of insulin alone. To confirm the mechanism for the anti-diabetic effect of the crude polysaccharides, we performed further examinations within $KK-A^{y}$ mice, an animal model of type 2 diabetes. The crude polysaccharides reduced blood glucose levels in the $KK-A^{y}$ mice for 2 weeks after feeding, and also significantly lowered plasma insulin levels. These results suggest that the anti-diabetic mechanism of the crude polysaccharide of Grifola frondosa is related to the enhancement of insulin sensitivity.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.39-78
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• 2000

Introduction: In order to investigate the effects of partial Cervus elaphus Linne' extract on antitumoral immunological, a group of mice are melanoma-induced and observed reponses in terms of the number of lymphocyte, CD4+ count, CD8+ count, CD4+/CD8+ ratio in blood and spleen, change in body weight, melanoma weight, spleen index, NK cell activity and productivity of IL-2 in each mouse Methodology: Male C57BL/6 mice were chosen as an experimental object and were divided into 5 groups randomly selection. The normal group did not receive any induction. The control group was treated with normal saline in melanoma-induced' mice. Sample I group induced the upper part of Cervus elaphus Linne' extract in melanoma-induced mice. Sample II group was induced the middle part of Cervus elaphus Linne' extract in melanoma-induced mice. Sample III group was induced the lower part of Cervus elaphus Linne' extract in melanoma-induced mice. The dosage of medication was 0.2cc daily for 14days. Results: 1. There was a significant difference in the number of lymphocyte in spleen in the sample I (upper part of Cervus elaphus Linne' extract induced) and the sample II (middle part of Cervus elaphus Linne' extract induced) compared to the control group and the sample III (lower part of Cervus elaphus Linne' extract induced). On the other hand, no significant difference was observed in the number of lymphocyte in blood in the control group and all sample groups. 2. In the CD4+ T cell ratio in blood, all three sample groups showed differences compared to the control group, though there was no significant difference between sample groups. In the CD4+ T cell ratio in spleen, there was a difference between the sample I and the control group, while the sample II and the sample III had significant difference to the control group. And also, it has been observed there were differences between the sample I and the other samples. 3. In the CD8+ T cell ratio in spleen, all three sample groups showed significant differences compared to the control group, while there was no difference between groups in the ratio in blood. 4. In the CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio in blood, the sample I showed a significant difference compared to the control group, while the sample 1I and sample III showed differences compared to the control group. In the CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio in spleen, all three samples showed a significant difference compared to the control group, when the sample I had a difference to the other sample groups. 5. The spleen index of the sample I and the sample II showed a significant difference compared to the sample III and the control group. In comparison between the sample groups, the sample I and the sample II showed a significant difference to the sample III. 6. In terms of the change in body weight and melanoma weight, all three sample groups showed a significant difference compared to the control group, while the comparison between the sample groups showed the sample and the sample II had a significant difference to the sample Ⅲ. 7. In comparison of NK cell activity, the sample I had a difference compared to the other groups when the effector to target cell ratio was 2.5:1. With the ratio of 5:1, the sample I and sample II showed significant differences compared to the control group, while the sample Ⅲ showed a difference. When the effector to target cell ratio was 10:1, there was no difference between groups. 8. In the productivity of IL-2, all three sample groups showed significant differences compared to the control group. In comparison between sample groups, there were significant differences between each sample groups in order of the sample I , the sample II and the sample Ⅲ. Conclusion: As one can witness from the above results, administration of partial Cervus elaphus Linne extract played important role in antitumoral immune response in melanoma-induced mice, and it could be suggested that sample I and sample II groups have prominent antitumoral immune effect.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.1108-1118
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise of different intensity on anti-diabetic and lipid profile improvement in type 2 diabetic mice. C57BL/6 mice were divided into six groups (n=8, in each group): normal group (Normal), type 2 diabetes (DM), type 2 diabetes+VO₂max 50% aerobic exercise group (DM50A), type 2 diabetes+VO₂max 75% aerobic exercise group (DM75A), type 2 diabetes+1RM 50% resistance exercise group (DM50R), and type 2 diabetes+1RM 75% resistance group (DM75R). DM50A and DM75A were subjected to treadmill exercise 40 min/day, 5 days/week, during 8 weeks (DM50A, at the speed of 8 m/min for 1-4 weeks and 8~10 m/min for 5-8 weeks; DM75A, 12 m/min for 1-4 weeks and 12~14 m/min for 5-8weeks). DM50R (1RM50%) and DM75R (1RM75%) were subjected to ladder-climbing exercise with weights secured to their tails, 8 set/day, 5 days/week, during 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of exercise, fasting blood glucose and HOMA-IR was significantly lower in DM group than in DM group. HbA1c showed significantly lower DM50R and DM75R groups than DM group. HDL-C showed the highest level in DM75A group and triglyceride was lowest in DM75R group. The cardiovascular risk index was lowest in the Normal and DM75A groups. Therefore, moderate intensity exercise in T2DM mice showed better improvement in blood glucose and insulin resistance control, and moderate intensity aerobic exercise was effective in reducing the cardiovascular risk index by increasing HDL-C levels.