• 약학회지
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.121-126
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• 2011

Sipjundaebo-tang was a well-known restorative traditional herbal prescription that used to treat anemia, anorexia, fatigue and inflammation. In this study, we examined the bioconversion of compounds in the Sipjundaebo-tang (SJ) and fermented Sipjundaebo-tang with Lactobacillus fermentum KFRI 164 (FSJ) using established HPLC-DAD method. The chromatogram of FSJ has shown that the contents of six bioactive compounds 5-HMF, paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, cinnam aldehyde, decursin, glycyrrhizin in SJ has decreased. And the contents of unknown compounds (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) in FSJ were higher than each contents of SJ. The antioxidant activities of SJ and FSJ were conducted by DPPH free radical and Hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) scavenging assay. Electron donating activity (EDA, %) value of FSJ has shown higher than 21.9% and 14.5% at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml for DPPH radical scavenging activity and $H_2O_2$ scavenging activity, respectively. Also, the neuroprotective activities of SJ and FSJ against glutamate-induced oxidative stress in a mouse hippocampal cell line (HT22) were evaluated by MTT assay. As a result, FSJ has shown higher neuroprotective activity than 56.5% comparing with SJ. In conclusion, the fermented SJ using microorganism could convert compounds in SJ and enhance antioxidant activity and neuroprotective activity.

• 좋은식품
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• 통권169호
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• pp.104-115
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• 2002

한국산 검정콩의 종피색소를 1$\%$ HCL 용액으로 4$^{\circ}C$에서 24시간 추출하여0.45$\mu$mmembrane filter로 여과한 후 Sep-pak plus $C_{18}$ cartridge를 통과시켜 흡착된 색소성분을 메탄올로 용출시켜 30$^{\circ}C$에서 농축하여 실험을 실시하였다. 검정콩 세 가지 품종의 조색소액의 생리활성 효과를 살펴본 결과 고혈압에 관여하는 angiotensin converting enzyme 저해실험에서는 검정콩 1호, 일품검정콩 및 밀양 95호에서의 $IC_{50}$는 각각 0.22, 0.28, 0.38mg/mL로 나타나 검정콩 1호가 가장 우수하였다. 통풍에 관여하는 xanthine oxidase 저해실험에서의 $IC_{50}$이 각각 0.118, 0.165, 0.163mg/mL로 나타나 angiotensin converting enzyme 저해실험에서와 동일하게 검정콩 1호가 가장 높게 나타났다. 항염증효과를 살펴본 결과 $cPLA_2$를 50$\%$ 저해하는 $IC_{50}$값이 19.7, 10.7, 25.3$\mu$g/mL로 나타났으며, 암세포 증식 억제능을 실험한 결과 각각의 시료 중 밀양 95호가 0.5mg/mL의 농도에서 사람 유래의 결장암 세포주인 HT-29 및 사람과 마우스 유래의 간암 세포주인 HepG2와 Hepa에 대하여 각각 66.0$\%$, 58.2$\%$, 64.4$\%$의 억제능을 보여 시료 중 구성된 검정콩 1호보다는 여러 색소 성분이 공존하는 것이 더 유리한 결과를 나타내었으며, 여러 가지 가능성을 가지는 색소임을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.23-36
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• 2015

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of Hominis-Placenta (HP)on dopaminergic neurons. Methods : We examined the effect of invitro administration of HP against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium( MPP+)-induced dopaminergic cell loss in primary mesencephalic culture and also used behavioral tests and performed analysis in the striatum and the substantia nigra of mouse brain, to confirm the effect of HP on dopaminergic neurons in an invivo 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine(MPTP)-induced PD mouse model. Animals were assigned to four groups: (1) Group 1(vehicle-treatedgroup), (2) Group 2(MPTPonlytreated group), (3) Group 3(MPTP+ saline-treated/$ST_{36}$ group), and (4) Group 4(MPTP+HP-treated/$ST_{36}$ group). HP at $20{\mu}L$ of 48 mg/kg dose was injected at $ST_{36}$ for 4 weeks at 2-day intervals. MPTP in saline was injected intraperitoneally each day for 5 days from the $8_{th}$ treatment of HP. We performed the pole test and rota-rod test on the first and seventh day after the last MPTP injection. To investigate the effect of HP on dopaminergic neurons, we performed analysis in the striatum and the substantia nigra of mouse brain after treatment with HP and/or MPTP. Results : Treatment with HP had no influence on cell proliferation and caused no cell toxicity in $PC_{12}$ and $HT_{22}$ cells. Our study showed that HP significantly prevented cell loss and protected neurites against MPP+ toxicity. Although the invivo treatment of HP herbal acupuncture at $ST_{36}$ showed a tendency to improve movement ability and protected dopaminergic cells and fibers in the substantia nigra and the striatum, it did not show significant changes compared with the MPTP treated group. Conclusions : These data suggest that HP could be a potential treatment strategy in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.170-175
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• 2012

Clostridium difficile toxin A glucosylates Rho family proteins, resulting in actin filament disaggregation and cell rounding in cultured colonocytes. Given that the cellular toxicity of toxin A is dependent on its receptor binding and subsequent entry into the cell, we herein sought to identify additional colonocyte proteins that might bind to toxin A following its internalization. Our results revealed that toxin A interacted with ERK1 and ERK2 in two human colonocyte cell lines (NCM460 and HT29). A GST-pulldown assay also showed that toxin A can directly bind to ERK1 and ERK2. In NCM460 cells exposed to PMA (an ERK1/2 activator), the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 did not affect the interaction between toxin A and ERK1/2. However, an in vitro kinase assay showed that the direct binding of toxin A to ERK1 or ERK2 inhibited their kinase activities. These results suggest a new molecular mechanism for the cellular toxicity seen in cells exposed to toxin A.

• 생약학회지
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• 제35권1호통권136호
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• pp.22-27
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• 2004

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is one of most important medicinal herbs in traditional chinese medicine. The object of this study was to determine the effects of the water extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis (SB) on the anxiolytic-like activities in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test. The watεr extracts of SB (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) were orally administered to male SD rats for 3 days, and behavioral tests for the anxiolytic activity were performed. SB (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) significantly increased in time-spent and arm entries into the open arms of the EPM compared with the control group. Futhermore, those anxiolytic-like activities of SB were antagonized by flumazenil (a $GABA_A$ antagonist, 3 mg/kg), but not by pindolol (a $5-HT_{1A}$ antagonist, 10 mg/kg). SB did not cause myorelaxant effects in the horizontal wire test at any dosage regimen. Therefore, these findings suggest that SB promote the anxiolytic-like activity mediated by GABAergic nervous system in rats.

• 약학회지
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• 제58권5호
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• pp.287-293
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• 2014

Alzheimer's disease (AD), most common form of dementia is characterized that memory deficit and loss of cognitive function. This study was evaluated cognitive enhancing effect of water and ethanol extracts of Codonopsis lanceolata and compared using Morris water maze and passive avoidance test. The water and 70% ethanol extracts (100, 300 and 500 mg/kg) were administered to mice. The neuroprotective effect on glutamate-induced cell death in HT22 cells was additionally investigated using MTT assay. Results showed 70% ethanol extract of Codonopsis lanceolata enhanced cognitive function than water extract, as shown by decrease in escape latency time in Morris water maze test. In passive avoidance test, 70% ethanol extract also increased the latency time compared to the water extract. Furthermore, 70% ethanol extract significantly protected neuronal cell against glutamate cytotoxicity and showed higher than neuroprotective effect of water extract. These results indicate that 70% ethanol extract more improve spatial cognitive ability and protected neuronal cells than water extract.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.121-130
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• 2019

Glutamate toxicity-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal cell death are involved in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases as well as acute brain ischemia/stroke. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective mechanism of dieckol (DEK), one of the phlorotannins isolated from the marine brown alga Ecklonia cava, against glutamate toxicity. Primary cortical neurons ($100{\mu}M$, 24 h) and HT22 neurons (5 mM, 12 h) were stimulated with glutamate to induce glutamate toxic condition. The results demonstrated that DEK treatment significantly increased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner ($1-50{\mu}M$) and recovered morphological deterioration in glutamate-stimulated neurons. In addition, DEK strongly attenuated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial overload of $Ca^{2+}$ and ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential (${\Delta}{\Psi}_m$) disruption, adenine triphosphate depletion. DEK showed free radical scavenging activity in the cell-free system. Furthermore, DEK enhanced protein expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an important anti-oxidant enzyme, via the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-like 2 (Nrf2). Taken together, we conclude that DEK exerts neuroprotective activities against glutamate toxicity through its direct free radical scavenging property and the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway activation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.108-118
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• 2021

Background: Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) contains a variety of ginsenosides that can be metabolized to a biologically active substance, compound K. Previous research showed that compound K could be enriched in the red ginseng extract (RGE) after hydrolysis by pectinase. The current study investigated whether the enzymatically hydrolyzed red ginseng extract (HRGE) containing a notable level of compound K has cognitive improving and neuroprotective effects. Methods: A scopolamine-induced hypomnesic mouse model was subjected to behavioral tasks, such as the Y-maze, passive avoidance, and the Morris water maze tests. After sacrificing the mice, the brains were collected, histologically examined (hematoxylin and eosin staining), and the expressions of antioxidant proteins analyzed by western blot. Results: Behavioral assessment indicated that the oral administration of HRGE at a dosage of 300 mg/kg body weight reversed scopolamine-induced learning and memory deficits. Histological examination demonstrated that the hippocampal damage observed in scopolamine-treated mouse brains was reduced by HRGE administration. In addition, HRGE administration increased the expression of nuclear-factor-E2-related factor 2 and its downstream antioxidant enzymes NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase and heme oxygenase-1 in hippocampal tissue homogenates. An in vitro assay using HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells demonstrated that HRGE treatment attenuated glutamate-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. Conclusion: These findings suggest that HRGE administration can effectively alleviate hippocampus-mediated cognitive impairment, possibly through cytoprotective mechanisms, preventing oxidative-stress-induced neuronal cell death via the upregulation of phase 2 antioxidant molecules.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2023

We previously reported that dried Lysimachia christinae whole plant extract exerted significant neuroprotective activity. In this study, we tried to isolate neuroprotective compounds of L. christinae. We evaluated the neuroprotective activity of the four fractions (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fractions) of methanol extract. Among them, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions showed most potent neuroprotective activity against glutamate excitotoxicity. Nine compounds were isolated from ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of L. christinae extract and identified as cynaroside (1), (3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl-3-hydroxy-2-octyldopentaconta-23,33-dienoate (2), androst-16-ene-3,6-diol (3), 2-hydroxy-24-propoxytetracos-4-enoic acid (4), 2-hydroxy-24-methoxytetracos-4-enoic acid (5), 12-(stearoyloxy)octadec-9-enoic acid (6), β-sitosterol (7), (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-yl palmitate (8) and (1S,2S,3R,4R)-4-(((2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-(((2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethoxy)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)oxy)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)oxy)cyclohexane-1,2,3-triol (9) by spectroscopic data such as UV, IR, NMR, Mass spectroscopy. Their neuroprotective activity was evaluated by MTT assay. Cynaroside (1) and androst-16-ene-3,6-diol (3) had significant neuroprotective activity against glutamate-injured HT22 cells. The neuroprotective efficacy of cynaroside (1) and androst-16-ene-3,6-diol (3) was related to their anti-oxidative activity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.390-399
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• 2023

Background: Gintonin (GT), a Panax ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid receptor (LPAR) ligand, has positive effects in cultured or animal models for Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and so on. However, the potential therapeutic value of GT in treating epilepsy has not yet been reported. Methods: Effects of GT on epileptic seizure (seizure) in kainic acid [KA, 55mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)]-induced model of mice, excitotoxic (hippocampal) cell death in KA [0.2 ㎍, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.)]-induced model of mice, and levels of proinflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 cells were investigated. Results: An i.p. injection of KA into mice produced typical seizure. However, it was significantly alleviated by oral administration of GT in a dose-dependent manner. An i.c.v. injection of KA produced typical hippocampal cell death, whereas it was significantly ameliorated by administration of GT, which was related to reduced levels of neuroglial (microglia and astrocyte) activation and proinflammatory cytokines/enzymes expression as well as increased level of the Nrf2-antioxidant response via the upregulation of LPAR 1/3 in the hippocampus. However, these positive effects of GT were neutralized by an i.p. injection of Ki16425, an antagonist of LPA1-3. GT also reduced protein expression level of inducible nitric-oxide synthase, a representative proinflammatory enzyme, in LPS-induced BV2 cells. Treatment with conditioned medium clearly reduced cultured HT-22 cell death. Conclusion: Taken together, these results suggest that GT may suppress KA-induced seizures and excitotoxic events in the hippocampus through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities by activating LPA signaling. Thus, GT has a therapeutic potential to treat epilepsy.