• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.123-135
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• 2006

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the aging population and is clinically characterized by a progressive loss of cognitive abilities. Pathologically, it is defined by the appearance of senile plaques - extracellular insoluble, congophilic protein aggregates composed of amyloid $\beta$ (A$\beta$) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) - inyracellular lesions consisting of paired helical filaments from hyperphosphorylated cytoskeletal tau protein as described by Alois Alzheimer a century ago. These hallmarks still serve as the major criteria for a definite diagnosis of the disease. Consequently, one of the key strategy for drug development in this disease area focuses on reducing the concentration of cerebral A$\beta$ plaque by using substances that inhibit A$\beta$ fibril formation. We focused on developing inhibitors by synthesizing several kinds of aromatic molecules. The synthetic compounds were initially screened to evaluate the effective compound by tioflavin T fluorescence assay. The selected effective compounds were tested cytotoxicity and protective effect from A$\beta$-induced neuronal toxicity by cell based MTT assay with HT22 hippocampal neurons. The BBB permeability on effectors was also tested in in vitro co-culture model(HUVEC/C6 cell line). The behavior test wea carried out in mutant APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. And inhibition of A$\beta$ fibril formation by the effective compound was monitored with transmitted electron microscopic images.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.451-455
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• 2011

So Cheong Ryong Tang (SCRT) has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of the bronchial asthma. In this study, the effect of steaming process on changes in 11 major compounds (homogentisic acid, ephedrine HCl, paeoniflorin, cinnamic acid, cinnam aldehyde, glycyrrhizin, 6-gingerol, schizandrin, methyleugenol, gomisin A and gomisin N) content and neuroprotective activity of SCRT were evaluated. Major compound content was slightly different with steaming produce. The contents of paeoniflorin, cinnamic acid, cinnam aldehyde, 6-gingerol and methyleugenol were decreased and homogentisic acid, ephedrine HCl, glycyrrhizin, schizandrin and gomisin A were increased by steaming process. The neuroprotective activity of steaming SCRT was determined in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells by MTT assay. As a result, neuroprotective activity of a steaming SCRT was higher than that of a non steaming SCRT. This study demonstrated that neuroprotective activity of SCRT can be improved through steaming process.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 1995

Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc., a predominantly selfing annual, has been served as a reservoir of germplasm for soybean, G. max (L.) Merr., cultivar improvement. This study describes the levels and distribution of genetic variation within and among 22 Korean populations of G. soja using starch gel electrophoresis. The species maintains very similar levels of genetic variability within populations observed in most other annuals. At the population level, the mean percent of polymorphic loci (P) was 32.6%, mean number of allele per locus (A) was 1.32, and mean expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.112. In addition, total genetic diversity (HT) calculated only for polymorphic loci was 0.347. However, significant differences in allele frequencies among populations were found for all loci (P<0.001 in each case) and, on average, about 70% of the total variation in the species is common to all populations. Indirects estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm=0.58, calculated from mean GST) indicates that gene flow is low among Korean populations of the species. In addition, analysis of fixation indices revealed a substantial heterozygote deficiency in most populations and at all loci. This indicates that most populations sampled may have been substructed largely due to inbreeding (predominantly selfing) and restricted gene flow, coupled with founder effect and genetic drift. Considering a high genetic divergence among populations, it is recommended that several Korean populations of the species should be preserved, especially such as populations in the eastern and southeastern Korean peninsula with high variation.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.17-26
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• 2005

Objectives : The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Shinmun-acupuncture stimulation on the relationship of change in electrocardiopgraphy (ECG). Methods : For this purpose, 11 healthy volunteers were acupunctured at Shinmun acupoint using the reinforcing or reducing by inserting the needle in the same direction as the channel runs or in the opposite direction (迎隨補瀉). Then, we measured and observed the change of standard leads I, II and III in ECG. Results : In lead I , acupuncture treated groups were increased the activity of PR interval and PR segment compared to the control group. In lead II, during the acupuncture treated group by inserting the needle in the opposite direction as the channel runs was increased the activity of T wave duration, and after the acupuncture group by inserting the needle in the same direction as the channel runs was increased the activity of PR interval. In lead III, acupuncture treated groups were increased the activity of ST duration, PR interval and QT interval. Conclusions : These results suggested that Shinmun acupuncture stimulation plays an important role on the activities of ECG.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.179-188
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• 2002

This experimental study was carried out to evaluate the effects of Acanthopanacis cortex on Cytokine-inducing and and immune response in Mice. In order to investigate the effect of Acanthopanacis cortex, the following was performed; Cytotoxicity, in vitro, the fraction of $CD4^+$, $CD8^+$, $B220^+$ in splenic cell, gene expression of IL-12(p35), IL-12(p40), IFN-${\gamma}$, and splenic cell proliferation by Acanthopanacis cortex. Analysis of cytokine gene expression was carried out by RT-PCR amplification. Amplified PCR products were electrophoresed on 1.2% agarose gel, and the analysis (Ht) was used to 1D-density program. The results were obtained as follows. Acanthpanacis cortex showed didn't have cell toxicity under $12{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ group on mouse lung fibroblast cells. In an in vitro model using mouse peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), extract of Acanthpanacis cortex induced multiple cytokine, including interleukin-12 (p35), interleukin-12 (p40), interferon-gamma (IFN-${\gamma}$). The extract also enhanced the percentages of the $CD4^+$, and $CD8^+$ in the untreated control were $22.1{\pm}3.3$ to $38.4{\pm}2.1$, and $5.0{\pm}0.4$ to $10.7{\pm}0.3%$, respectively. From above findings, it is suggested that Acanthopanacis cortex is able to anti-cancer and activate immune response system.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.889-900
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• 2013

Objectives : Molecular biology techniques were employed to assess diversity of bacterial in children's dental caries. Methods : DNA of germs was extracted and the diversity of the 16S rRNA clones was analyzed by amplified rDNA restriction analysis and sequencing. The experimental samples were pit and fissure caries (PC), deep dentinal caries (DC), smooth surface caries (SC), and supragingival plaque (PQ) from 50 children of age less than 12 years old. The control group was healthy teeth supragingival plaque (HT). Thirty clones from each 16S rRNA clone library of 5 samples were randomly selected, thus a total of 150 clones were analyzed. Results : Amplified rDNA restriction analysis uncovered 18, 20, 11, 17, and 22 phylotypes from healthy teeth, pit and fissure caries, deep dentinal caries, smooth surface caries, and supragingival plaque, respectively. Sequencing analysis found the dominance of Actinomycs naeslundii and Fusobacterium nucleatum in the healthy teeth; Leptotrichia sp. in the pit and fissure caries; Actinomyces sp., Streptococcus mutans, and Rahnella aquatilis in the deep dentinal caries; Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces sp. in the smooth surface caries; Enterobacter hormaechei and Streptococcus sanguinis in the supragingival plaque. Conclusions : Clonal analysis identified 6 phyla, 20 genera, and 51 species.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.214-219
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• 2014

Artemisia apiacea is a traditional herbal medicine using treatment of eczema and jaundice in Eastern Asia including China, Korea, and Japan. In this study, the three phytosterol constituents were isolated and identified from the hexane fraction of 80% aqueous methanol extract of A. apiacea. Compounds were isolated using open column chromatography (silica gel). Their chemical structures were also established using $^1H$-NMR and $^{13}C$-NMR. Moreover, neuroprotective activity of each compound against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in hippocampal HT-22 cell line was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Furthermore, Inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium ion ($Ca^{2+}$) accumulation were measured for elucidation of neuroprotective mechanism of isolated compounds. They showed that stigmasterol had neuroprotective activity against the glutamate-induced toxicity by inhibition of ROS and $Ca^{2+}$ production. In conclusion, isolated compound of A. apiacea might be useful for therapeutic agent against neurodegenerative diseases.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.212-218
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• 2021

Fatsia japonica is grown wild to Eastern Asia, including Korea, Japan, and Taiwan and it is known as ornamental plant, and it is also known that pharmacological action. In this study, we have selected the stem of F. japonica with consideration about biological activities and amount of yield. In addition, four compounds (1-4) were isolated from the stem of F. japonica. Extensive spectroscopic and chemical studies established the structures of these compounds as maltose (1), begoniifolide A (2), leiyemudanoside B (3), leonticin F (4). All of the compounds were investigated for their anti-inflammatory, anti-neuroinflammatory, and neuro-protective effects on RAW264.7, BV2, and HT22 cells. However, among four compounds, there were no effects by maltose (1), begoniifolide A (2), leiyemudanoside B (3), leonticin F (4) on the anti-inflammatory, anti-neuroinflammatory, and neuro-protective action. This is the first report on the isolation of maltose (1), begoniifolide A (2), leiyemudanoside B (3), leonticin F (4) from the stem of F. japonica. Begoniifolide A (2), leiyemudanoside B (3), leonticin F (4) were isolated for the first time from this plant. It might be necessary to continue the further studies to find the biological active compounds isolated from the stem of F. japonica.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.9.1-9.7
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• 2019

The study investigated the changes in growth performance, hematological parameters, plasma components, and stress indicators of juvenile starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus, depending on varying exposure to hexavalent chromium. P. stellatus was exposed to waterborne chromium at 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 ppb for 4 weeks. The result showed that Cr exposure resulted in decreased daily length gain (DLG), daily weight gain (DWG), condition factor (CF), and hepatosomatic index (HIS) in P. stellatus. In terms of hematological parameters, red blood cell (RBC) count, hematocrit (Ht), and hemoglobin (Hb) significantly decreased at 400 ppb after 2 weeks. In terms of plasma components, inorganic analysis was unchanged and cholesterol, an organic component, considerably increased at 400 ppb after 4 weeks. Plasma enzyme components including glutamic oxalate transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were significantly increased. Stress indicators such as cortisol and glucose were notably increased over 100 ppb after 4 weeks with increasing chromium concentration. The results indicate that exposure to waterborne Cr induced toxic effects on growth, hematological parameters, plasma components, and stress indicators.

• Laboraroty Animal Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.244-250
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• 2017

${\alpha}$-Synuclein is abundantly expressed in neuronal tissue, plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, and exerts a neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress. Cerebral ischemia causes severe neurological disorders and neuronal dysfunction. In this study, we examined ${\alpha}$-synuclein expression in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced cerebral ischemic injury and neuronal cells damaged by glutamate treatment. MCAO surgical operation was performed on male Sprague-Dawley rats, and brain samples were isolated 24 hours after MCAO. We confirmed neurological behavior deficit, infarction area, and histopathological changes following MCAO injury. A proteomic approach and Western blot analysis demonstrated a decrease in ${\alpha}$-synuclein in the cerebral cortices after MCAO injury. Moreover, glutamate treatment induced neuronal cell death and decreased ${\alpha}$-synuclein expression in a hippocampal-derived cell line in a dose-dependent manner. It is known that ${\alpha}$-synuclein regulates neuronal survival, and low levels of ${\alpha}$-synuclein expression result in cytotoxicity. Thus, these results suggest that cerebral ischemic injury leads to a reduction in ${\alpha}$-synuclein and consequently causes serious brain damage.