• Journal of Naturopathy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2022

Background: A validation study is needed to make domestic applications of German Kneipp therapy. Purpose: The study aims to test the effect of a Kneipp therapeutic program in a domestic forest environment on the autonomic nervous system. Methods: The program was made considering the 4 key elements ('exercise', 'regulative therapy', 'nutrition', and 'phytotherapy') of the Kneipp therapy. Total 3 sessions (once a week for 5 hours in each session) were performed to 40 domestic adults divided into four groups (10 in each group). HRV was measured on the subjects before and after the intervention, and its 6 characteristic parameters (TP, VLF, LF, HF, LF/HF, CSI: Cumulative Stress Index) were compared for statistical analysis. Results: For 33 subjects excluding 7 who were disturbed by interrupt factors during measurements, significant improvements after the intervention, were observed in TP(8.64%, p < ..001), VLF(6.96%, p < .05), LF(15.86%, p < .001), HF(8.46%, p < .01), LF/HF(5.77%, p < .05) and CSI(-16.06%, p < ..001). Conclusions: The Kneipp therapy performed in the forest environment was shown to activate the autonomic nervous system and in particular the sympathetic and parasympatheric nervous to promote heart activity, and was also shown to most significantly reduce cumulative stress. The present observations would be the first preliminary evidence that the Kneipp therapeutic interventation in a domestic forest environment results in positive responses of the autonomic nervous system including stress relief.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.135-143
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• 2003

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare heart rate variability(HRV) of patient of twenties and thirties diagnosed as Kiwooljeung with healthy controls'. Methods : We measured HRV of 35 patient(20 to 39 years old, male 14, female 11) diagnosed as Kiwooljeung and 40 healthy controls(male 24, female 16). HRV was measured by SA-3000P(Medicore, Korea) for 5 minutes after 5 minutes resting. Results : 1. In time domain analysis, Mean pulse rate(PRT) in Kiwooljeung group was higher than healthy controls. Standard deviation of all normal N-N intervals (SDNN) in Kiwooljeung group was lower and the results of twenties and thirties were same. 2. In frequency domain analysis, total power(TP), very low frequency(VLF), low frequency(LF), high frequency(HF), Ln TP, Ln VLF, Ln LF, Ln HF in Kiwooljeung group were lower than healthy controls but LF/HF ratio was higher than healthy controls. 3. Comparing gender in Kiwooljeung group, LF/HF ratio in male was higher than female. Conclusions : This study suggests lower activity and imbalance of cardiac autonomous nervous system in Kiwooljeung with the age group between twenties and thirties.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.76-85
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• 2010

In general, anesthetic depth is evaluated by experience of anesthesiologist based on the changes of blood pressure and pulse rate. So it is difficult to guarantee the accuracy in evaluation of anesthetic depth. The efforts to develop the objective index for evaluation of anesthetic depth were continued but there was few progression in this area. Heart rate variability provides much information of autonomic activity of cardiovascular system and almost all anesthetics depress the autonomic activity. Novel monitoring system which can simply and exactly analyze the autonomic activity of cardiovascular system will provide important information for evaluation of anesthetic depth. We investigated the anesthetic depth as following 7 stages. These are pre-anesthesia, induction, skin incision, before extubation, after extubation, Post-anesthesia. In this study, temporal, frequency and chaos analysis method were used to analyze the HRV time series from electrocardiogram signal. There were NN10-NN50, mean, SDNN and RMS parameter in the temporal method. In the frequency method, there are LF and HF and LF/HF ratio, 1/f noise, alphal and alpha2 of DFA analysis parameter. In the chaos analysis, there are CD, entropy and LPE. Chaos analysis method was valuable to estimate the anesthetic depth compared with temporal and frequency method. Because human body was involved the choastic character.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.120-130
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• 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the symptoms accompanied with acne and HRV pattern of the acne patients. Methods: We reviewed 60 acne patients(age 15-38) who visited ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ hospital from January 2010 to October 2011. We investigated the symptoms accompanied with acne of 60 patients and evaluated HRV of 41 acne patients. The data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney test using SPSS/PC ver 13.0 program. Results: 1. Prevalence of female post-adolescent acne was 66.7% in this study. The symptoms accompanied with acne were dischezia(35%), gastric discomfort(28.3%) in all patients and dysmenorrhea(40%), leukorrhea(38%), irregular menstrual period (24%) in female patients. 2. SDNN, RMSSD, VLF and HF of female were significantly lower than male. 3. SDNN, TP and VLF of un-dysmenorrhea group were significantly lower than dysmenorrhea group. 4. PSI of under 6 months group was significantly higer than over 6 months group. 5. In postadolescent acne patients SDNN, RMSSD, TP, LF and HF were significantly lower and PSI was significantly higher than adolescent acne patients. Conclusions: There are many female post-adolescent acne pateints and the assessment of the symptoms accompanied with acne and stress degree is helpful in treating acne. The further research and development about the diagnostic and therapeutic methods of acne are needed in oriental obstetrics and gynecology field.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.68-76
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• 2012

Objectives: Sleep disorders cause changes of autonomic nervous system (ANS) which affect cardiovascular system. Primary insomnia (PI) makes acceleration of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) tone by sleep deficiency and arousal. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) sets off SNS by frequent arousals and hypoxemias during sleep. We aimed to compare the changes of heart rate variability (HRV) indices induced by insomnia or sleep apnea to analyze for ANS how much to be affected by PI or OSAS. Methods: Total 315 subjects carried out nocturnal polysomnography (NPSG) were categorized into 4 groups - PI, mild, moderate and severe OSAS. Severity of OSAS was determined by apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). Then we selected 110 subjects considering age, sex and valance of each group's size [Group 1 : PI (mean age=$41.50{\pm}13.16$ yrs, AHI <5, n=20), Group 2 : mild OSAS (mean age=$43.67{\pm}12.11$ yrs, AHI 5-15, n=30), Group 3 : moderate OSAS (mean age $44.93{\pm}12.38$ yrs, AHI 16-30, n=30), Group 4 : severe OSAS (mean age=$45.87{\pm}12.44$ yrs, AHI >30, n=30)]. Comparison of HRV indices among the four groups was performed with ANCOVA (adjusted for age and body mass index) and Sidak post-hoc test. Results: We found statistically significant differences in HRV indices between severe OSAS group and the other groups (PI, mild OSAS and moderate OSAS). And there were no significant differences in HRV indices among PI, mild and moderate OSAS group. In HRV indices of PI and severe OSAS group showing the most prominent difference in the group comparisons, average RR interval were $991.1{\pm}27.1$ and $875.8{\pm}22.0$ ms (p=0.016), standard deviation of NN interval (SDNN) was $85.4{\pm}6.6$ and $112.8{\pm}5.4$ ms (p=0.022), SDNN index was $57.5{\pm}5.2$ and $87.6{\pm}4.2$ (p<0.001), total power was $11,893.5{\pm}1,359.9$ and $18,097.0{\pm}1,107.2ms^2$(p=0.008), very low frequency (VLF) was $7,534.8{\pm}1,120.1$ and $11,883.8{\pm}912.0ms^2$ (p=0.035), low frequency (LF) was $2,724.2{\pm}327.8$ and $4,351.6{\pm}266.9ms^2$(p=0.003). Conclusions: VLF and LF which were correlated with SNS tone showed more increased differences between severe OSAS group and PI group than other group comparisons. We could suggest that severe OSAS group was more influential to increased SNS activity than PI group.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.35 no.2B
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• pp.232-243
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• 2010

In this paper, various physiological signals of humans were measured and analyzed to inference their psychological state and biological information, and Bio-Signal Context aware system (BSC), which recognizes the current context of its users as well as the information of exterior environment and offers the service appropriate for them, was designed and implemented. The BSC extracts and analyzes the features from bio-signals, such as the measured electroencephalogram (EEG), electrocardiogram (ECG), and galvanic skin response (GSR), with its different sensors, has the input of the analyzed results, and discriminates four psychological states of rest, concentration, tension and melancholy. In addition to the results of the discriminated psychological states, the information of biological condition analyzed from the user's bio-signals, for example, heart rate variability (HRV), Galvanic skin response (GSR) and body temperature, and the information of external environment related to the user's are collected to offer the service fit for the user's present biological condition by inferring and recognizing the user's present situation.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.226-230
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• 1999

To characterize the Korean isolate of infeciious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV-PRT), a partial DNA fragment G gene of the MNV-PRT was amplified by RT-PCR. cloned inlo pGEM-T easy vector and analyzed for nucleotlde sequences. The size of the PCR pmduct was about 442 bp. The nucleotlde sequence homologies ofthe G gene of IHNV-PRT were 95%, 94%, 94% 94%, 93%, 53%. respectively. with those of foreign isolates of IHNV, IHNV-RB-76. IHNV-LR-73, MNV-K, IHNV-WRAC, Im-SRCV, IHNV-Col-85. However, it showed 81% homology with that of other fish rhabdovirus, hisame rhabdovirus (HRV). Frou~ the rcsults of deduced amino acid sequence homology analysis. G protein of IHNV-PRT showed 96% hornologies with those of foreign isolates of IHNV but 89% homology with that of HRV These results indicaled that, even though G gene of IHIW-PRT showed low homology with that of HRY it was highly conserved among different strains of THNV.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.50-57
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• 2005

Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the differences in clinical characteristics and severity of symptoms between panic patients with and without comorbid major depressive disorder, and to ascertain the differences in the function of the autonomic nerve system measured by heart rate variability (HRV). Methods: The subjects were 60 patients who have panic disorder without major depressive disorder and 19 patients who met DSMIV criteria for both panic disorder and major depressive disorder. First, they drew up symptom checklists and self-rating scales, and were measured by Anxiety Disorder Inventory Schedule-Panic Attack & Agoraphobia (ADIS-P&A), Clinical Global Impression (CGI), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) and Heart Rate Variability (HRV). For statistical analysis, we performed t-test to compare the scores of self reported scales and clinician’s rating scales in panic patients with comorbid major depressive disorder and those without major depressive disorder. ANCOVA was used to compare the variables of HRV, considering age as a covariate. Results: The subjective severities of depression and anxiety that comorbid patients complained of were higher than those of patients with only panic disorder. Futhermore, comorbid patients were more sensitive to anxiety and physical sensations, and they tend to be more negative in their thinking. The scores of clinician-rating scales such as CGI and PDSS were also higher in the comorbid patients. However, there were no significant differences in HRV variables between both groups, despite a tendency to low heart rate variability in the comorbid group. Conclusion: This study suggests that patients with panic disorder and comorbid major depressive disorder tend to complain of more symptoms and to be more sensitive to various symptoms than those with panic disorder without comorbid depression. However, in this study comorbid major depressive disorder did not have a significant impact on the HRV variables of patients with panic disorder.

• Journal of Naturopathy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to statistically investigate the changes in mean differences of the vascular age types and index, heart beating, vessel elasticity, diastolic reserves contents measured by the fingertip plethysmogram before and after the subjects (49 people) visit the Gotjawal forest for two hours. While there is no significant change in the mean differences of vascular age types and index, heart beating, diastolic reserves contents in the control group before and after the visit, the differences in the test groups gets higher than the control group and shows a significant difference. Moreover, the variance analyses of the mean values of the contents shows a significant change after the visit. There is no significant change in the values of vessel elasticity changes between the groups after the visit, but the change of values is significant in the within group, and it is not significant between group by variance analysis. The differences of the heart beating was insignificant in the within group, but significant between group after the visit. In conclusion this study proves the effects of forest bathing, because the HRV index significantly improved after the bathing. Therefore the b-c-d-e/a ratio may be useful for evaluation of HRV.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.9-14
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• 2003

Sleep stages have been useful indicator to check a person's comfortableness in a sleep, But the traditional method of scoring sleep stages with polysomnography based on the integrated analysis of the electroencephalogram(EEG), electrooculogram(EOG), electrocardiogram(ECG), and electromyogram(EMG) is too restrictive to take a comfortable sleep for the participants, While the sympathetic nervous system is predominant during a wakefulness, the parasympathetic nervous system is more active during a sleep, Cardiovascular function is controlled by this autonomic nervous system, So, we have interpreted the heart rate variability(HRV) among sleep stages to find a simple method of classifying sleep stages, Six healthy male college students participated, and 12 night sleeps were recorded in this research, Sleep stages based on the "Standard scoring system for sleep stage" were automatically classified with polysomnograph by measuring EEG, EOG, ECG, and EMG(chin and leg) for the six participants during sleeping, To extract only the ECG signals from the polysomnograph and to interpret the HRV, a Sleep Data Acquisition/Analysis System was devised in this research, The power spectrum of HRV was divided into three ranges; low frequency(LF), medium frequency(MF), and high frequency(HF), It showed that, the LF/HF ratio of the Stage W(Wakefulness) was 325% higher than that of the Stage 2(p＜.05), 628% higher than that of the Stage 3(p＜.001), and 800% higher than that of the Stage 4(p＜.001), Moreover, this ratio of the Stage 4 was 427% lower than that of the Stage REM (rapid eye movement) (p＜.05) and 418% lower than that of the Stage l(p＜.05), respectively, It was observed that the LF/HF ratio decreased monotonously as the sleep stage changes from the Stage W, Stage REM, Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3, to Stage 4, While the difference of the MF/(LF+HF) ratio among sleep Stages was not significant, it was higher in the Stage REM and Stage 3 than that of in the other sleep stages in view of descriptive statistic analysis for the sample group.