• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1123-1132
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• 2014

This study evaluated the growth and nutrient removal ability of an indigenous algal consortium on real untreated municipal wastewater in a high rate algal pond (HRAP). The HRAP was operated semicontinuously under different hydraulic retention times (HRT: 2, 4, 6, and 8 days). The average removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand, and total nitrogen and phosphate of real municipal wastewater were maintained at $85.44{\pm}5.10%$, $92.74{\pm}5.82%$, and $82.85{\pm}8.63%$, respectively, in 2 day HRT. Algae dominated the consortium and showed high settling efficiency (99%), and biomass and lipid productivity of $0.50{\pm}0.03g/l/day$ and $0.103{\pm}0.0083g/l/day$ (2day HRT), respectively. Fatty acid methyl ester analysis revealed a predominance of palmitate (C16:0), palmitoleate (C16:1), linoleate (C18:2), and linolenate (C18:3). Microalgal diversity analyses determined the presence of Chlorella, Scenedesmus, and Stigeoclonium as the dominant microalgae. The algal consortium provides significant value not only in terms of energy savings and nutrient removal but also because of its bioenergy potential as indicated by the lipid content (20-23%) and FAME profiling.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 2003

This study was carried out to develop INSUB(Indirected Aerated Submerged Biofilter) which can remove organics, nitrogen and phosphorus with an advanced treatment system. The results were as followed in laboratory model experiment. As for treatment of sewage, when economical efficiency was considered in practice, the highest removal efficiency was at 18hr of HRT, 1.017m/hr of superficial velocity and 40% of media packing ratio. Each removal efficiency for $COD_{cr}$, $COD_{Mn}$, $BOD_5$, T-N, and T-P was 90.6, 85.3, 95.0, 52.3 and 56.8%. To remove the nitrogen and phosphorus With high efficiency, first of all, denitrification have to be completed, then uptake of phosphorus have to completed. Therefor, mixture of anoxic and aerobic reactor was necessary for the high removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in INSUB.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2009

We confirmed methane production and reduction of pollution during anaerobic digestion of milk waste and analyzed the economic potential of using milk waste as a renewable energy source. The milk waste sludge was obtained from the Pasteur milk factory and processed by anaerobic digestion to produce methane. The methane production from two completely mixed tank reactors with an effective capacity of 6 ${\ell}$, 15 days of hydraulic retention time (HRT), and a mid-temperature of $35^{\circ}C$ averaged 4.11 ${\ell}$/day. The total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) during production decreased from an initial 31,416 mg/${\ell}$ to 13,500 mg/${\ell}$, showing a maximum TCOD removal efficiency of 60%. When HRT was reduced to 12 days, methane production increased by 44% under a high-temperature condition of $55^{\circ}C$. An economic analysis based on these results was applied to a Korean milk factory of typical size and demonstrated that the installation of an anaerobic digester could provide sufficient economic profit.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.101-106
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• 2000

Menopausal women experience urogenitory and vasomotor symptoms with increased risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases, which can be reduced by hormone replacement therapy. However unopposed estrogen therapy has been associated with an increased risk of endometrial hypeiplasia or cancer. The objectives of this study were to compare effects of continuous vs. sequential hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on lipid profile, bone mineral density and menopausal symptoms of postmenopausal women and to assess how they perceive the menopause and HRT culturally. In this retrospective study, women in menopause longer than 6 months, normal in the mam-mogram and Papanicolaou smear, cholesterol level lower than 190 mg/dL or triglyceride level lower 4han 500 mg/dL were treated with Srogen (conjugated equine estrogen 0.625 mg tablet) and Provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate 2.5 mg tablet) for continuous treatment(CT) or Cycloprogynova (Estradiol valerate 2 mg and Norgestrel 0.5 mg complex tablet) for sequential treatment(ST). They were evaluated for lipid profile, bone mineral density, menopausal symptoms, side effects and their perception of menopause and HRT. As results, total sixty-seven patients out of ninety-four enrollees were included in final analysis (33 in continuous therapy, 34 in sequential therapy). There were significant decrease in total cholesterol ($15.04\pm3.17$, p=0.0001), LDL ($19.72\pm3.27$, p=0.0001), and increase in HDL ($5.89\pm1.63$, p=0.0001). Bone minora) density increased significantly with HRT ($0.02\pm0.11$, p=0.0001). But, there were no significant differences in change of lipid profile between continuous and sequential therapy: Total cholesterol, $13.12\pm4.7\;vs.\;16.91\pm4.3;\;LDL\;20.53\pm4.1\;vs.\;18.93\pm5.12:HDL\;7.15\pm2.3\;vs.\;4.67\pm2.2,\;p>0.05$. Incidences of flush reduced from $75\%\;(CT)\;to\;3.13\%\;and\;71.88\%\;(ST)\;to\;9.35\%$. The change of endometrium and breast were found 3 (CT) and 5 (ST) women, respectively. Most of women recognized that HRT is necessary $(70\%)$ for postmenopausal period but did not understand well the cardiovascular protective effect. In conclusion, hormone replacement therapy was effective in improving lipid profile, bone mineral density and menopausal symptoms in both continuous and sequential treatments with similar efficacy.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.603-609
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to determine the optimal operation conditions in an anoxic oxic process to eliminate both organic and nitrogen matters in swine wastewater. For the purpose of this, the removal efficiency was evaluated with various HRTs and internal recycling ratio. During the whole 580 days of experiment, HRTs had been gradually decreased in an order of 20, 14, 12 and l0days, and the internal recycle ratio was kept at 20Q. So as to determine the effect of the internal recycle ratio on the nitrogen removal, the internal recycle ratio had been gradually increased from 20Q to 50Q while HRT was maintained at 12days. As a result, it was shown that the removal efficiency of organic matter was above 95% regardless of changing of HRTs. The average influent concentration of TCODcr and SCODcr were 24,854 mg/L and 18,920 mg/L, respectively. Average removal efficiency of TKN was shown to be nearly 98% when HRT was kept at 12days; however, the $NH_4{^+}-N$ concentration of effluent was shown to be increased when the loading rate of $NH_4{^+}-N$ was increased to $0.602 kgNH_4{^+}-N/m^3$-day by means of decreasing HRT to 10days. It was concluded that nitrogen loading rates should be more considered rather than organic loading rates in case of determining an optimal HRT. When gradually increasing the internal recycle ratio from 20Q to 50Q, the removal efficiency of organic matters and TKN were 96% and 98%, respectively so that no significant changes in removal efficiency was detected. However, when the internal recycle ratio was kept at 50Q, it was revealed that the $NO_3-N$ concentration of effluent seemed to drop and the average $NO_3-N$ concentration of effluent was around 52 mg/L.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.18 no.3 s.49
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• pp.69-77
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• 2003

The present time, water hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes) was widely used for a purification of a polluted lake, livestock wastewater and sewage wastewater treatment. This study was conducted to evaluate the propriety of sewage wastewater treatment by water hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes). On the study of optimal cultivation density, 3 kg/m$^2$ was selected for the most suitable initial cultivation density through the BOD, T-N and T-removal efficiency. In experiment of purification capacity, hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes) removed the 267.2 mg BOD/kg · day, 72 mg T-N/kg · day and 8.6 mg T-P/kg · day at 30 operation days respectively. The result showed that hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes) could be used for recovery of eutrophic lake effectively. In the test of optimal HRT(hydraulic retention time), 9 days was selected with the suitable HRT, and BOD, T-N and T-P were removed with 75%, T-N 88% and T-P 97% respectively.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.242-247
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• 1989

The effect of ginseng extract and sodium ascorbate (vitamin C) administered separately or in combination on the some cancer cells cultured in vitro have been examined. Mouse leukemic cells (L1210 and P388), human rectal cancer cells (HRT-18) and human colon cancer cells (HCT-48) were used for the experiment. When given separately, the growth rate for each kind of cancer cell was inhibited In proportion to the concentration of ginseng extract or vitamin C. The inhibitory effect on the growth rate of the cancer cells was stronger in ginseng extract than in vitamin C except for the HCT-48 cells. Based on the cytotoxic activity, combined administration of ginseng extract and vitamin C demonstrated a synergistic inhibition of cancer cell growth. The cytotoxic activities of ginseng extract and vitamin C on the mouse leukemic cells were more sensitive than on human colon cancer cells. And the sensitivity of cytotoxic activity was somewhat different in different cancer cell lines.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 1992

This study was divised to observe the inhibitory effect of growth rate of human colon cancer cells by Eucommial leaf extract, in vitro. Three species of human colon cancer cells, HRT-18, HCT-48 and HT-29, were used for the experiment. Each extract of Eucommial leaf was prepared by extraction with water, 95% alcohol, acetone, chloroform and petroleum ether, and then the inhibitory effect of each extract on the growth rate of cells was compared with control group and each other. The experimental results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Inhibitory effects on growth rate of human colon cancer fells were strongest in the petroleum ether extract and next in the chloroform extract. 2. Inhibitory effects on the growth rate of the cancer cells by extracts of water, 95% alcohol and acetone were weaker than that of petroleum ether and chloroform. 3. Inhibitory effect of each extract on the cancer cell growth was shown most strong activity in HT-29, and was in order of HRT 18 and HCT-48. In view of the results, it could be suggested that inhibitory effects of non-polar solvent's extracts against the cancer cell growth were more stronger than that of polar solvents and the effects were indicated difference according to the species of the cells.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 1998

To investigate the cytotoxic effect of Platycodon grandiflorum DC, petroleum ether extract of Platycodon grandiflorum DC was partially purified by a silica gel column chromatography. Among several fractions, fraction D which was obtained under the elution with a 7:3 mixture of petroleum ether and ethyl ether, showed patent cytotoxicity against mouse leukemia cell line (L1210), human rectum cancer cell line (HRT-18) and human colon cancer cell lint (HCT-48).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.219-225
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the inhibition mechanism of cancer cell proof iferation caused by the petroleum-ether extract of ginseng against human rectum (HRT-18), colon (HT-29), llepatoma (Hep G2) and prostate (LNCaP) cancer cells and monkey kidney cells (Vero 76). Cells were treated with the petroleum-ether extract of ginseng (50 to 200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) in G1 or S phase of the cell cycle, and proliferation and protein kinase C activity were measured. The petroleum-eth or extract of ginseng inhibited proliferation of HRT-18, HT-29, Hep G2 and LNCaP when treated in Gl phase, but not in S phase. This result shows that the ginseng extract arrests the cell cycle in G1 phase, resulting in the inhibition of cell proliferation. At the same concentrations, treatment of the ginseng extract in G1 phase decreased protein kinase C activity, while the treatment in S phase had no effect. This reault suggests that protein kinase C might be involved in the inhibition of the cell cycle and proliferation of cancer cells caused by the petroleum-ether extract of ginseng.