• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.21-26
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• 2004

Deposition condition of YBa$_2$Cu$_3$$O_{7-x}$ (YBCO) films on moving IBAD templates (CeO$_2$/IBAD-YSZ/SS) was studied in a hot-wall type metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) process using single liquid source. The reel velocity was 40 cm/hr and the source mole ratios of Y(tmhd)$_3$:Ba(tmhd)$_2$:Cu(tmhd)$_2$ were 1:2.3:3.1 and 1:2.1:2,9, Two different types of IBAD templates with thin CeO$_2$ and thick CeO$_2$ layers were used, The YBCO films were successfully deposited at the deposition temperatures of 780~89$0^{\circ}C$ ; the a-axis growth was observed together with the c-axis growth up to 83$0^{\circ}C$. while the c-axis growth became dominant above 83$0^{\circ}C$. The top surface of the c-axis film was fairly dense and included a small amount of the a-axis growth, although the peaks of the a-axis grains were not observed in XRD pattern, The YBCO film deposited on IBAD template with thin CeO$_2$ layer showed low critical current of 2.5 A/cm-width. while the YBCO film deposited on IBAD template with thick CeO$_2$ layer showed higher critical current of 50 A/cm-width. This result indicates that thick CeO$_2$ layer is thermally more stable than thin CeO$_2$ layer at the high deposition temperature of the MOCVD process.s.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.171-176
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• 2000

The physical and electrical characteristics of MgO and Pt thin-films on it, deposited by reactive sputtering and rf magnetron sputtering, respectively, were analyzed with annealing temperature and time by four-point probe, SEM and XRD. Under annealing conditions of $1000^{\circ}C$ and 2 hr, MgO thin-film had the properties of improving Pt adhesion to $SiO_2$ and insulation without chemical reaction to Pt thin-film, and the sheet resistivity and the resistivity of Pt thin-film deposited on it were $0.1288\;{\Omega}/{\square}$ and $12.88\;{\mu}{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$, respectively. We made Pt resistance pattern on $SiO_2$/Si substrate by lift-off method and fabricated thin-film type Pt-RTD(resistance thermometer device) for micro thermal sensors by Pt-wire, Pt-paste and SOG(spin-on-glass). In the temperature range of $25{\sim}400^{\circ}C$, the TCR value of fabricated Pt-RTD with thickness of $1.0{\mu}m$ was $3927\;ppm/^{\circ}C$ close to the Pt bulk value. Resistance values were varied linearly within the range of measurement temperature.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.110-114
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• 2010

Li-incorporated mesoporous $TiO_2$ materials with various pore-sized istributions were synthesized by using triblockcopolymers via a sol-gel process in a queous solution. The properties of the se materials were characterized by HR-TEM, XRD, and BET analysis. All particles have spherical morphology with a diameterrange of $1-3{\mu}m$. The mesoporous $TiO_2$ materials calcined at $400^{\circ}C$ and their specific surface area, average pore size and crystallite sizes were 210 $m^2g^{-1}$, 6.4 nm and 8.8 nm respectively. The Li-incorporated mesoporous $TiO_2$ were tested for $CO_2$ adsorption and its adsorption capacity is 90mg/g. The Li-incorporated mesoporous $TiO_2$ ar eobserved to be thermally stable, recyclable and greens or bent for $CO_2$ capture. The effect of bimetallic $ZrLiTiO_2$ is also studied for $CO_2$ adsorption.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.552-561
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• 2011

This study attempted to manufacture a Cu-15 at.%Ga coating layer via the cold spray process and investigated the effect of heat treatment environment on the properties of cold sprayed coating material. Three kinds of heat treatment environments, $5%H_2$+argon, pure argon, and vacuum were used in this study. Annealing treatments were conducted at $200{\sim}800^{\circ}C$/1 hr. With the cold sprayed coating layer, pure ${\alpha}$-Cu and small amounts of $Ga_2O_3$ were detected in the XRD, EDS, EPMA analyses. Porosity significantly decreased and hardness also decreased with increasing annealing temperature. The inhomogeneous dendritic microstructure of cold sprayed coating material changed to the homogeneous and dense one (microstructural evolution) with annealing heat treatment. Oxides near the interface of particles could be reduced by heat treatment especially in vacuum and argon environments. Vacuum environment during heat treatment was suggested to be most effective one to improve the densification and purification properties of cold sprayed Cu-15 at.%Ga coating material.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.275-279
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• 2013

Fe-based oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) powders were produced by high energy ball milling, followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS) for consolidation. The mixed powders of 84Fe-14Cr-$2Y_2O_3$ (wt%) were mechanically milled for 10 and 90 mins, and then consolidated at different temperatures ($900{\sim}1100^{\circ}C$). Mechanically-Alloyed (MAed) particles were examined by means of cross-sectional images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both mechanical alloying and sintering behavior was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). To confirm the thermal behavior of $Y_2O_3$, a replica method was applied after the SPS process. From the SEM observation, MAed powders milled for 10 min showed a lamella structure consisting of rich regions of Fe and Cr, while both regions were fully alloyed after 90 min. The results of sintering behavior clearly indicate that as the SPS temperature increased, micro-sized defects decreased and the density of consolidated ODS alloys increased. TEM images revealed that precipitates smaller than 50 nm consisted of $YCrO_3$.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.509-513
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• 2000

The physical and electrical characteristics of MgO and Pt thin-films on it deposited by reactive sputtering and rf magnetron sputtering respectively were analyzed with annealing temperature and time by four point probe SEM and XRD. Under annealing conditions of 100$0^{\circ}C$ and 2 hr, MgO thin-film had the properties of improving Pt adhesion to SiO$_2$and insulation without chemical reaction to Pt thin-film and the sheet resistivity and the resistivity of Pt thin-film deposited on it were 0.1288 Ω/ and 12.88 $\mu$$\Omega$.cm respectively. We made Pt resistance pattern on SiO$_2$/Si substrate by life-off method and fabricated Pt thin-film type microheater for thermal microsensors by Pt-wire Pt-paste and SOG(spin-on-glass). In the temperature range of 25~40$0^{\circ}C$ we estimated TCR(temperature coefficient of resistance) and resistance ratio of thin-film type Pt-RTD(resistance thermometer device). We obtained TCR value of 3927 ppm/$^{\circ}C$ close to the bulk Pt value. Resistance values were varied linearly within the range of the measurement temperature. The thermal characteristics of fabricated thin-films type Pt micorheater were analyzed with Pt-RTD integrated on the same substrate. The heating temperature of Pt microheater could be up to 40$0^{\circ}C$ with 1.5 watts of the heating power.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.137-146
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• 2011

Vertically well-aligned ZnO nanowire (NW) arrays were synthesized directly on GaN/sapphire and Si substrate from Zn vapor deposition without catalysts. Experimental results showed that the number density, diameter, crystallinity and degree of the alignment of ZnO NWs depended strongly on both the substrate position and kind of the substrates used for the growth. The photoluminescence (PL) characteristics of the grown ZnO NW arrays exhibit a strong and sharp ultraviolet (UV) emission at 379 nm and a broad weak emission in the visible range, indicating that the obtained ZnO NWs have a high crystal quality with excellent optical properties. The as-grown ZnO NWs were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electronic microscopy (HR-TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.1169-1177
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• 1995

Barium nitrate and yittrium nitrate were dissolved into distilled water. Titaium hydroxide precipitated from titanium chloride with NH4OH was dissolved into nitric acid. Each aqueous solution was mixed for 12 hr in the composition of Ba1-xYxTiO3 (x=0.1∼0.6) and the concentration of mixed solution was 0.1 mol/ι. The mixed solution was sprayed with an ultrasonic atomizer and carried into an electric furnace which was kept at 900∼1000$^{\circ}C$ and pyrolyzed. Pyrolyzed powders were collected on the glass filter with vacuum pump. Aqueous Mn solutiion was added into the synthesized powders, mixed with ultrasonic vibration and sintered at 1300∼1400$^{\circ}C$. Synthesized powders were characterized with SEM, XRD, DT-TGA, and BET. Microsture and resistivity of sintered body were investigated with SEM and multimeter. The results of this experiment were as follows; 1) Yittrium dooped BaTiO3 powders were synthesized above 950$^{\circ}C$. 2) The average particle sizes of powders from BET specific surface area and SEM were 0.045$\mu\textrm{m}$, 0.046$\mu\textrm{m}$ respectively. The particle size distribution was narrow in the range of 0.1∼1.0$\mu\textrm{m}$ from SEM. 3) Room temperature resistivity and pmax/pmin of 0.4 mol% Y doped specimen which was sintered at 1375$^{\circ}C$ were 102∼3 (Ω$.$cm) and 102∼3 respectively. 4) Room temperature resistivity and pmax/pmin of 0.4 mol% Y and 0.04 at% Mn added specimen which was sintered at 1375$^{\circ}C$ were 102∼3 (Ω$.$cm) and 106∼7 respectively. 5) Grain growth was inhibited with addition of Y2O3 and enhanced in addition of Mn by 0.05 atm%.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.37.2-37.2
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• 2010

Recently $Li_{1.2}Ni_{0.2}Mn_{0.6}O_2$ has been consistently examined and investigated by scientists because of its high lithium storage capacity, which exceeds beyond the conventional theoretical capacity based on conventional chemical concepts. Consequently, $Li_{1.2}Ni_{0.2}Mn_{0.6}O_2$ is considered as one of the most promising cathode candidates for next generation in Li rechargeable batteries. Yet the mechanism and the origin of the overcapacity have not been clarified. Previously, many authors have demonstrated simultaneous oxygen evolution during the first delithiation. However, it may only explain the high capacity of the first charge process, and not of the subsequent cycles. In this work, we report a clarified interpretation of the structural evolution of $Li_{1.2}Ni_{0.2}Mn_{0.6}O_2$, which is the key element in understanding its anomalously high capacity. We identify how the structural evolution of $Li_{1.2}Ni_{0.2}Mn_{0.6}O_2$ occurs upon the electrochemical cycling through careful study of electrochemical profiles, ex-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), HR-TEM, Raman spectroscopy, and first principles calculation. Moreover, we successfully separated the structural change at subsequent cycles (mainly cation rearrangement) from the first charge process (mainly oxygen evolution with Li extraction) by intentionally synthesizing sample with large particle size. Consequently, the intermediate states of structural evolution could be well resolved. All observations made through various tools lead to the result that spinel-like cation arrangement and lithium environment are created and embedded in layered framework during repeated electrochemical cycling.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.139-139
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• 2017

최근 환경오염 문제로 인한 연비 규제 강화 속도가 빨라지고 있으며 이에 따른 연비 향상 기술이 크게 대두 되고 있다. 연비 향상 기술 중 경량화 방안소재로 알루미늄(Al), 마그네슘(Mg) 등의 비철금속을 주로 사용하고 있으며, 이중 알루미늄은 다른 경량화 금속소재보다 우수한 경쟁력을 가지고 있다. 하지만 경제적인 측면에서 철 대비 비용적인 어려움을 가지고 있고 용접성이 떨어지기 때문에, 자동차 부품의 일부만 알루미늄 소재를 선택하여 사용하고 있는 실정이며 알루미늄의 높은 이온화 경향으로 인해 기존 자동차 철강 소재와 접촉 시 쉽게 부식되는 단점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해서는 알루미늄의 금속원소를 첨가하는 연구가 지속적으로 개발 되고 있다. 알루미늄 합금에서 마그네슘의 첨가는 좋은 용접성과 내식성, 강도를 향상시킨다. 하지만 3%이상의 마그네슘 첨가는 입계에 ${\beta}(Al_xMg_y)$석출상이 석출되게 되며, 입계에 연속적으로 형성된 ${\beta}(Al_xMg_y)$석출상은 응력 부식 균열 (Stress corrsion cracking)과 입계 부식(Intergranular corrosion)을 야기하는 결과를 가져온다고 알려져 있다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 Al 5000계열 합금의 Zn의 첨가를 통해 ${\tau}(Al_xMg_yZn_z)$을 입계에 석출시켜서 입계에 ${\beta}(Al_xMg_y)$상의 석출을 방지함으로써 내식성을 향상시키거나 Al 5000계열 합금의 열처리를 통해 ${\beta}(Al_xMg_y)$석출상을 고용시킴으로써 응력부식균열의 발생을 억제하는 연구도 있다. 하지만 열처리 후 Polarization test를 이용한 내식성 연구는 잘 안 알려져 있다. 따라서 이번 연구에서는 Al5000계열의 주조한 합금을 DSC분석을 통하여 ${\beta}(Al_xMg_y)$석출상의 고용 온도가 약 $470^{\circ}C$라는 것을 확인한 후, 실온에서 $100^{\circ}C/hr$으로 가열하고 조건에 따라 $450^{\circ}C$에서 3시간, 6시간, 12시간, 24시간, 30시간 항온 유지시킨 후 공냉을 진행하였다. 열처리를 마친 시편은 에폭시를 이용하여 마운팅 하였으며, 시편표면을 2000#까지 연마 후 증류수로 세척한 다음 질소를 이용하여 건조 후 분극 시험을 진행하였다. 3.5wt% NaCl 용액에서 분극 곡선을 통해 부식거동을 확인한 결과 24시간까지 시간이 증가 할수록 내식성이 우수해지는 것을 확인하였으며, 추가적으로 조직사진, SEM & EDS 분석과 XRD, TEM 분석을 통해 내식성은 입계에 존재하는 Mg의 조성이 감소하게 되면 내식성이 향상되는 것을 관찰하였다.