• 한국생물환경조절학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물환경조절학회 1997년도 봄 심포지움 및 학술논문발표요지
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• pp.23-27
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• 1997

Bio-Green(B.G.) functional water was manufactured by Kyungwon Enterprise Co. through a series of processes ; water longrightarrow ultra-purification longrightarrow adding catalysts longrightarrow energy imprinting fermenting with energized water + zeolite and others + photosynthetic bacteria in fermenter longrightarrow filtering. Control(0), 5 or 10 liters of B.G. functional water were supplied to the orchard soil under canopy of 10 year old 'Tsugaru'/M26 apple trees on March 20, May 20 and June 20, 1995, respectively. Some orchard soil characteristics, not only pH, but also Ca and Mg of exchangeable cations were increased by supply with B.G. functional water. However, P$_2$O$_{5}$, K, and B contents were not influenced by the treatment. At harvest time soluble solid content of flesh and anthocyanin of fruit skin were increased by the treatment. B.G. functional water treatment showed higher root activities, and photosynthesis of leaves than that of control. Also B.G. functional water treatment showed higher Ca content in fruit skin and flesh tissues, whereas not affected N, K, and Mg contents. During storage at 4$^{\circ}C$ cold room, the more volume of B.G. functional water supply showed lower bitter pit symptom. Respiration and ethylene evolution in fruit were decreased, while fruit firmness increased by the treatment during storage.e.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.8-9
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• 2017

Soybean yield has been low and unstable in Japan and other areas in East Asia, despite long history of cultivation. This is contrasting with consistent increase of yield in North and South America. This presentation tries to describe perspective of breaking stagnation of soybean yield in East Asia, considering the factors of the different yields between regions. Large amount of rainfall with occasional dry-spell in the summer is a nature of monsoon climate and as frequently stated excess water is the factor of low and unstable soybean yield. For example, there exists a great deal of field-to-field variation in yield of 'Tanbaguro' soybean, which is reputed for high market value and thus cultivated intensively and this results in low average yield. According to our field survey, a major portion of yield variation occurs in early growth period. Soybean production on drained paddy fields is also vulnerable to drought stress after flowering. An analysis at the above study site demonstrated a substantial field-to-field variation of canopy transpiration activity in the mid-summer, but the variation of pod-set was not as large as that of early growth. As frequently mentioned by the contest winners of good practice farming, avoidance of excess water problem in the early growth period is of greatest importance. A series of technological development took place in Japan in crop management for stable crop establishment and growth, that includes seed-bed preparation with ridge and/or chisel ploughing, adjustment of seed moisture content, seed treatment with mancozeb+metalaxyl and the water table control system, FOEAS. A unique success is seen in the tidal swamp area in South Sumatra with the Saturated Soil Culture (SSC), which is for managing acidity problem of pyrite soils. In 2016, an average yield of $2.4tha^{-1}$ was recorded for a 450 ha area with SSC (Ghulamahdi 2017, personal communication). This is a sort of raised bed culture and thus the moisture condition is kept markedly stable during growth period. For genetic control, too, many attempts are on-going for better emergence and plant growth after emergence under excess water. There seems to exist two aspects of excess water resistance, one related to phytophthora resistance and the other with better growth under excess water. The improvement for the latter is particularly challenging and genomic approach is expected to be effectively utilized. The crop model simulation would estimate/evaluate the impact of environmental and genetic factors. But comprehensive crop models for soybean are mainly for cultivations on upland fields and crop response to excess water is not fully accounted for. A soybean model for production on drained paddy fields under monsoon climate is demanded to coordinate technological development under changing climate. We recently recognized that the yield potential of recent US cultivars is greater than that of Japanese cultivars and this also may be responsible for different yield trends. Cultivar comparisons proved that higher yields are associated with greater biomass production specifically during early seed filling, in which high and well sustained activity of leaf gas exchange is related. In fact, the leaf stomatal conductance is considered to have been improved during last a couple of decades in the USA through selections for high yield in several crop species. It is suspected that priority to product quality of soybean as food crop, especially large seed size in Japan, did not allow efficient improvement of productivity. We also recently found a substantial variation of yielding performance under an environment of Indonesia among divergent cultivars from tropical and temperate regions through in a part biomass productivity. Gas exchange activity again seems to be involved. Unlike in North America where transpiration adjustment is considered necessary to avoid terminal drought, under the monsoon climate with wet summer plants with higher activity of gas exchange than current level might be advantageous. In order to explore higher or better-adjusted canopy function, the methodological development is demanded for canopy-level evaluation of transpiration activity. The stagnation of soybean yield would be broken through controlling variable water environment and breeding efforts to improve the quality-oriented cultivars for stable and high yield.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.283-295
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• 2002

공원별 관찰된 조류의 서식수는 비봉공원 49종 4,349마리, 진주성지 46종 6,453마리. 노산공원 37종 2,817마리, 산호공원 33종 6,014마리로 조사되었으며, 4개 공원 전지역에서 우점도와 출현빈도가 높았던 조류는 참새(21.8%), 오목눈이류(20.7%), 까치(8.7%), 직박구리(7.6%), 박새(6.4%), 방울새류(4.6%)순이었다. 조류군집을 이동성에 의하여 분석한 결과 텃새 > 여름새 > 겨울새 > 통과새 순으로 4개공원 모두 텃새가 우점하였으며 종 수는 겨울철에 40종으로 최소, 봄철에 53종으로 최대를 나타내었다. 공원별 분포조류에 대한 종다양도지수는 비봉공원이 1.3256으로 종다양도가 가장 높았고 산호공원, 노산공원, 진주성지 순으로 나타났다. 공원별 서식조류에 대한 영소길드와 채이길드를 조사한 결과 4개공원 모두 영소길드는 공원수목의 수동, 수관, 관목을 이용한 영소길드(1∼7종)보다 외부, 인공 영소길드(7∼15종)가 높은 반면 번식기 채이길드는 외부, 인공, 공중 채이길드(2∼8종)보다 수관, 관목을 이용한 채이길드(12∼25종)가 높게 나타났다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.457-462
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• 2004

콩 재배에서 가장 큰 문제의 하나인 도복의 경감을 위한 재배법 개선 방안과 초관 높이 차이에 의한 광합성능력의 향상을 모색하고자 열간 교호 적심이 콩의 생육과 수량에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 초관 높이 차이는 무적심 1열+적심 1열에서 가장 컸으며, 도복은 무적심 1열+적심 1열에서 도복경감 효과가 가장 컸다. 2. 제 9본엽의 광합성능력은 무적심 1열+적심 1열의 무적심 열이 가장 높았다. 3. 엽면적지수는 8월 17일 이후에 무적심 열에 비하여 적심 열이 높았고, 9월 5일에는 무적심 1열+적심 1열의 엽면적지수가 가장 높았다. 4. 수량은 무적심 1열+적심 1열에서 주경 상반부의 입수증가와 입중 증대로 전체 무적심에 비하여 $14\%$, 전체 적심에 비하여 $2\%$ 증수되었다.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.376-382
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• 2015

동전마름병은 Sclerotinia homoeocarpa가 원인균으로 주로 한지형 잔디에 발생하는 주요 병이다. 본 연구는 이쑤시개를 이용하여 동전마름병 전염원 검출과 처리물량을 달리하여 약제 살포하였을 때 병원균 검출 특성을 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 동전마름병 병원균을 검출한 결과 병반 중심의 잎 부위에서는 100% 검출되었으며, 대취 부분에서는 83.3%가 검출되었으나 토양에서는 전혀 검출되지 않았다(대취층 아래 1, 2와 3 cm). 병반 중심부와 가장자리에서는 100% 검출되었으며 병반으로부터 1.5 cm 떨어진 부분에서는 13% 검출되었으며 병반으로부터 3와 4.5 cm 떨어진 부분에서 병원균의 분리빈도는 각각 3와 0%로 나타났다. 동전마름병 병원균은 병반으로부터 1.5 cm 떨어진 지점의 잎과 대취에서는 73.3%와 20%가 검출되었으며 3 cm 떨어진 부분과 4.5 cm 떨어진 부분에서 각각 46.6%와 13.3% 병원균이 검출되었다. 토양부분에서는 병원균이 검출되지 않았으며 전염원 검출 빈도는 병반으로부터 멀어질수록 낮아지는 경향이었다. 두 가지 약제를 같은 약량으로 2.26와 6.78 L의 물에 희석하여 처리한 결과 병원균 검출빈도는 Chlorothalonil (CH) 처리구보다 Propiconazole (PP) 처리구에서 높게 나타났다. 병반중심부에서 CH의 경우 검출 빈도는 15.5%로 PP의 경우 20.5%로 나타났다. 잎에서는 CH약제 처리구는 각각 15.5%와 2.2%가 검출되었으며 PP 처리구에서 이보다 높은 20.5%와 4.4%가 검출되었다. 대취층에서 전염원은 CH 처리구에서 물 2.26 L와 12.7%로 물 6.78 L가 2.2%로 검출되었다. 가장자리에서는 잎 부분을 검출한 결과 CH의 경우 물 2.26 L 처리구에서는 2.7%로 물 6.78L에서는 검출되지 않았으며 PP의 경우 물 2.26 L에서 9.4%로 물 6.78L에서는 CH 처리구와 같이 검출되지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 이쑤시개 방법은 빠르고 쉽게 동전마름병을 검출하여 전염원의 분포 조사 및 전염원 형성 예측을 할 수 있는 방법으로 제안한다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2016

광릉숲, 태화산 서울대 학술림, 가리왕산의 낙엽활엽수림에서 연간 낙엽 낙지 생산량과 가을철 낙엽에 의한 수종별 엽면적지수를 산출하고, 간접적인 방법의 것과 비교하였다. 연간 낙엽 낙지 생산량은 천이 단계 증가에 따른 임분의 바이오매스 축적량이나 수종구성 등에 따라 그 양과 비율이 다르게 나타났으며(Table 2), 특히 수종마다 낙엽의 양에 차이는 있지만 모든 임분에서 여름철 이후에 집중되는 경향을 보여(Fig. 1), 가을철의 한시적인 낙엽 수집만으로도 최대 엽면적지수의 추정은 유효한 것으로 나타났다. 더욱이, 이러한 낙엽의 수집으로 낙엽의 양 뿐만 아니라 수종마다 SLA와 탈락시기를 정확하게 추정할 수 있었고(Table 3), 간접방법으로는 불가능하기 때문에 국내에서는 시도되지 않았던 각 수종별 엽면적지수를 국내 최초로 산출 할 수 있었다(Fig. 2). 본 연구를 통하여 수종별 낙엽량과 엽면적지수는 각 수종의 흉고단면적과 유의한 상관관계를 보였으나, 간접방법에 의한 전체 엽면적지수를 흉고단면적의 비율을 곱하여 수종별 엽면적지수로 추정하는 것은 상당한 오차가 발생할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다(Fig. 3). 또한 간접방법에 의한 엽면적지수는 잎의 양이 늘고 밀집도가 높아질수록 과소평가되는 오류가 발생하기 쉽기 때문에(Fig. 4, 5), 직접방법에 의한 엽면적지수와의 평가는 필수적임을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서, 낙엽에 의한 직접적인 엽면적지수의 측정을 시도함으로써 다양한 수종이 공존하는 우리나라 온대 활엽수림에서 임분의 수종 구성과 밀도, 천이단계, 입지환경 등에 따른 낙엽량과 수종별 엽면적지수의 변화 양상을 정량적으로 확인 할 수 있었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.126-136
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• 2008

사경재배에서 이식후 70일 동안 생육된 연초 식물체를 이용하여 지상원격측정 센서들의 유효 측정거리와 측정 효율성을 평가하였다. 센서의 측정거리와 목표물의 캐노피 형태는 연초 엽의 제거방법을 상위엽부터 하위엽으로 차례로 제거하는 top-down 방법과 하위엽부터 상위엽으로 차례로 제거하는 bottom-up 방법으로 구분하여 조절하였다. 시험에 적용된 센서들은 수동형센서로서 $Crop\;Circle^{TM}$과 Spectroradiometer 그리고 능동형 센서는 $Crop\;Circle^{TM}(ACS210)$ red와 amber 및 $GreenSeeker^{TM}$ red와 green 등 4개 종류를 비교하였다. 검토된 모든 센서들의 반사율지표는 수동형과 능동형 센서의 종류에 관계없이 연초식물의 하위엽보다 상위엽의 캐노피 형태에 따라 크게 영향을 받았다. 비교 검토된 측정거리보다 큰 213 cm의 유효거리를 갖 는 $Crop\;Circle^{TM}(ACS210)$에 의한 반사율지표들은 센서의 유효거리가 제한되지 않은 수동형 센서의 경우와 동일하게 측정거리에 따른 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나유효거리 80-120cm로 제시된 $GreenSeeker^{TM}$능동형 센서는 유효측정거리의 한계로 규정된 120 cm보다 멀어질 경우 반사율지표는 크게 감소되고 측정오차를 보여 센서별로 규정된 유효 측정거리는 반드시 지켜야 하는 것으로 확인되었다. 연초 엽의 top-down 제거방법에 따른 건물중과 반사율지표의 상대비율로 상호관계를 평가한 결과 건물중 변화를 검출하는 능력은 수동형 센서보다 능동형 센서가 양호한 경향이었으며 센서 종류별로는 $Crop\;Circle^{TM}(ACS210)$ red >$Crop\;Circle^{TM}(ACS210)$ amber = $GreenSeeker^{TM}$ red > $Crop\;Circle^{TM}$ passive > $GreenSeeker^{TM}$ green > spectroradiometer의 순으로 측정효율이 감소되었다.

• 한국농림기상학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농림기상학회 2013년도 추계 학술발표논문집
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• pp.23-24
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• 2013

Micrometeorological fluxes measured over a tall forest in a complex terrain are difficult to interpret. $CO_2$ storage often makes significant contributions to net ecosystem exchange of $CO_2$ (NEE) in early morning and during nighttime due to calm and stable conditions. We measured the above-canopy $CO_2$ flux along with its concentration profiles at eight levels within and above the canopy to evaluate $CO_2$ storage term. Our question is whether or not the $CO_2$ storage term can be estimated accurately from a single level measurement of $CO_2$ concentration in a complex terrain. Our objectives are (1) to document vertical profiles of $CO_2$ concentration and (2) to compare the diurnal and seasonal variations of $CO_2$ storages estimated from single and multi-level $CO_2$ concentration data. Seasonally averaged Diurnal variations of $CO_2$ concentration ranged from 398 to 455 ppm near the forest floor at 0.1 m whereas they ranged from 364 to 395 ppm at 40 m in the atmosphere. The diurnal variation of vertical profiles of $CO_2$ concentration shows very interesting features with season. At all eight levels, diurnal variation of $CO_2$ concentration showed little change in winter. In spring, the diurnal variations of $CO_2$ concentration at 8 levels showed three distinct groups of layers with height: the first layer: 0.1m (near surface), second layer: 1.0 m and 4.0m (below canopy) and the third layer: 7.4m to 40.7 m (near canopy and above). In summer, these three groups of layers were further separated with larger variations whereas such distinction became smaller in fall. The diurnal variation of $CO_2$ concentration in the first three layers near surface always showed higher concentration with larger variability. Typically, $CO_2$ concentration showed peaks in early morning and in the evening. After the evening peak, $CO_2$ concentration gradually increased except for those near the surface (i.e., 0.1, 1.0 and 4.0 m) where the concentrations actually decreased. We suspect that this could be attributed to the drainage flow of $CO_2$ along the hill slope from the headwater to downstream, which is not taken into account for net ecosystem $CO_2$ exchange. In comparison to the results of other studies, the distinct and different vertical structures of $CO_2$ concentrations observed at our site may be due to complex terrain and weak turbulent mixing under calm conditions at the site. The annual mean of diurnal variation of $CO_2$ storage flux from single level ranged from -0.6 to $0.9{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ and from multi-level from -1.2 to $1.0{\mu}\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$. When compared against the results from the multi-level concentrations, the storage flux estimated from a single-level concentration was generally adequate except for specific hours near sunrise and sunset. Further details and their implication will be discussed in the presentation.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.29-37
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• 2013

The study was carried out in two different forest types viz., Banj oak and Chir pine forests to assess the variation in forest species composition and soil properties along altitudinal gradients in the Garhwal Himalayas. The results of the study showed that between the forests soil moisture was higher in Banj oak forest because of closed canopy and dense forest compared to Chir pine forest. The sand particles were reported higher in Banj oak forest which might be due to the addition of organic matter favouring coarse structure of soil, helping in holding maximum water in soils. However in the Chir pine forest low amount of soil organic matter and presence of clayey soil, develops soil compactness which reduces the penetration of water resulting in high soil bulk density. The higher accumulation of litter and presence of moisture in Banj oak forest favours higher nutrient level of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compared to Chir pine forest. The soil organic carbon also reduced with increasing altitude at both gradients. While bulk density has reverse trend with soil organic carbon in both the forests at different peaks of same region. In Banj oak forest, the highest density and total basal cover was reported 1,100 tree $ha^{-1}$ and 58.86 $m^2\;ha^{-1}$ respectively. However, the highest values of density and total basal cover of Chir pine forest was 560 tree$ha^{-1}$ and 56.94 $m^2\;ha^{-1}$ respectively. The total density and basal cover of both the forests reduced with increasing altitude. The study concludes that Banj oak forest has better nutrient cycling ability, well developed foest floor and has a greater protective and productive features compared to the Chir pine forest which is without lower vegetation cover and having only pine litter accumulation which does not allow any other species to grow.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.152-162
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• 2024

Background: Plant species of the alpine treeline ecotone are highly sensitive to climate change and may adjust their population dynamics, and functional traits in response to changing climate. This study examined regeneration patterns and leaf traits variations in an important treeline ecotone element Rhododendron campanulatum along the elevation gradient in western Nepal to assess its potential adaptive responses to climate change. The distribution range of R. campanulatum (3,400-3,800 m above sea level [a.s.l.]) was divided into five horizontal bands, each with a 100 m elevational range. Eight plots (10 m × 10 m) were sampled in each band, resulting into a total of 40 plots. In each plot, all R. campanulatum individuals and co-occurring tree species were counted. From each elevation, R. campanulatum leaf samples were collected to determine leaf dimensions, leaf density, specific leaf area (SLA), and stomatal density (SD). Results: The density-diameter curve indicated that R. campanulatum was regenerating well, with enhanced regeneration at higher elevation (3,800 m a.s.l.) than at lower. Tree canopy cover appeared to be the major determinant of R. campanulatum regeneration, as indicated by a higher number of seedlings in treeless stands. With increasing elevation, the leaf length, width, SLA, and stomata length decreased but leaf thickness and SD increased. Conclusions: Overall, a higher regeneration and lower SLA with the high SD in the leaves at the upper limit of the species distribution suggested that R. campanulatum is well adapted at its upper distribution range with the possibility of upslope range shift as temperature increases.