• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.795-798
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• 2008

The formation of complex $XeHCl^+$ in the collision-induced reaction of $Xe^+$ with HCl has been studied by use of classical dynamics procedures using the London-Eyring-Polanyi-Sato empirical potential energy surfaces. A small fraction of trajectories on the $Xe^+$ + HCl and Xe + $HCl^+$ surfaces lead to the formation of complex $XeHCl^+$ with life-times of 1-2 ps which is long enough to survive many rotations before redissociating back to the reactant state. The formation of complex $XeHCl^+$ occurs mainly from collision angle of $\Theta$ = ${45^{\circ}}$.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.73.2-73.2
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• 2011

석탄 합성가스 중에는 $H_2S$, HCl, $NH_3$와 같은 불순물이 포함되어 있다. 이러한 가스들은 오염가스 배출과 관련한 환경기준 준수와 터빈과 같은 설비의 보호를 위해 제거되어야 한다. 석탄 합성가스 중 HCl 농도는 탄종에 따라 다르기는 하지만 많게는 1000 ppmv 수준까지 존재한다. 합성가스를 이용하여 발전을 하는 경우 가스터빈 보호를 위해 HCl은 <3 ppmv 이하로 정제되어야 하고, 합성가스를 연료전지에 사용하고자 하는 경우에는 HCl을 <0.5 ppmv 수준까지, 화학원료로 사용하고자 하는 경우에는 <10 ppbv 수준까지 정제하여야 한다. 또한 HCl은 고온 탈황공정에 사용되는 흡수제의 활성에도 장기적으로 부정적인 영향을 주기 때문에 고온에서 HCl을 정제할 수 있는 흡수제가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 알칼리금속을 활성물질로 사용하여 분무건조법으로 제조한 HCl 흡수제에 대해 물성 및 HCl과의 반응성을 살펴보았다. $300-500^{\circ}C$ 영역에서 K-계 및 Na-계 흡수제에 대해 고정층반응기에서 HCl 가스를 함유한 모사 합성가스를 이용하여 상압 조건에서 Cl 흡수능을 측정한 결과 15wt% 이상의 흡수능을 나타내었으며 반응온도가 높을수록 흡수능이 증가함을 알 수 있었다. XRD 분석을 통하여 Cl은 K 및 Na와 반응하여 KCl과 NaCl을 형성하면서 흡수됨을 알 수 있었다. 20 bar 조건에서 실험한 결과에서도 동일한 경향의 반응성을 나타내었으며 반응온도가 낮을수록 흡수능은 감소하지만 Cl을 더 낮은 농도로 정제할 수 있었다. 본 실험에 사용된 Na 및 K계 흡수제는 모두 연소 후 배가스 중 $CO_2$를 제거하기 위한 흡수제로 사용되는 고체 흡수제이다. 석탄화력발전소 배가스에 연계되어 $CO_2$ 회수실험에 사용되었던 사용 후 $CO_2$ 흡수제에 대해 HCl 흡수 실험을 수행한 결과에서도 우수한 HCl 제거 성능을 보여 주었다. 이로부터, 폐 $CO_2$ 흡수제의 HCl 흡수제로서의 활용가능성을 확인 하였다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.213-217
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• 1997

The present sustained-release terfenadine-pseudoephedrine HCl dosage form was the core tablet composed of outer (fast-release) layer containing 60 mg of terfenadine and l0mg of pseudoephedrine HCl, and inner (sustained-release) layer containing 110 mg of pseudoephedrine HCl. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of formulating the terfenadine-pseudoephedrine HCl double-layered tablet which was bioequivalent to the core tablet. Its sustained-release and fast-release layer were formulated with disintegrating agents and polymers, respectively, varying with their kinds and amounts. The comparative dissolution test of double-layered and core tablet was carried out at pH 1.2, 4.0 and 6.8, leading to select composite of double-layered tablet whose dissolution pattern was similar to that of core tablet. It was composed of fast-release layer containing 60mg of terfenadine. 10 mg of pseudoephedrine HCl, sodium bicarbonate, microcrystalline cellulose and sodium starch glycolate, and sustained-release layer containing 110 mg of pseudoephedrine HCl and ethylcellulose/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) (110/30 mg/tablet).

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.333-336
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to investigate the stability of tetracycline HCl on encapsulation into and inside reverse micelles. To do so, tetracycline HCl was first mixed with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, water and ethyl formate to make reverse micelles. The degradation kinetics of tetracycline HCl inside the reverse micelles was then assessed by scrutinizing its stability data. Under our experimental conditions, the reverse micelles formed spontaneously in absence of any mixing devices. During the preparation of the reverse micelles, however, considerable portions of tetracycline HCl underwent a chemical reaction (e.g., epimerization). For instance, $51.4{\pm}0.6%$ of an initial concentration of tetracycline HCl was transformed into a degradation product. Once dissolved inside the reverse micelles, the degradation of tetracycline HCl followed an exponential decay pattern. The plot of log{the degradation rate of tetracycline HCl} versus log{tetracycline HCl concentration} made it possible to determine the order of degradation reaction and rate constant. It was proven that the degradation of tetracycline HCl inside the reverse micelles followed a first order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.0027 $hour^{-1}$. Meriting further investigation might be formulation studies to stabilize tetracycline HCl on encapsulation into and inside the reverse micelles.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.1113-1123
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to see the effect of anti inflammatory and analgesic action of the glucosamine hydrochloride(GA HCl) or taurine. Male Sprague Dawley rats(100~250g) and ICR mice(20 ~30g) were used. Experimental groups were divided into seven groups, one control group given as saline and six groups given as oral administration of GA HCl or taurine; GA HCl 250mg/kg, b.w group, taurine 250mg/kg, b.w group, GA HCl 250mg/kg, b.w＋taurine 250mg/kg, b.w group, GA HCl 500mg/kg, b.w group, taurine 500mg/kg, b.w group, GA HCl 500mg/kg, b.w＋taurine 500mg/kg, b.w group. Carrageenan induced edema test were shown to be significantly inhibited in the GA HCl 250mg/kg group and taurine 250mg/kg group compared to the control group, but the GA HCl 500mg/kg＋taurine 500mg/kg group were significantly inhibited than the control group. Capillary permeability test were shown to be sig nificantly inhibited in the taurine 500mg/kg group, but the GA HCl 500mg/kg＋taurine 500mg/kg group were significantly inhibited than the control group. Leucocyte emigration test were shown to be significantly inhibited in the GA HCl 250mg/kg＋ taurine 250mg/kg group and GA HCl 500mg/kg＋taurine 500mg/kg group compared to the control group. Acetic acid, Phenyl p benzoquinone writhing syndrome were shown to be significantly inhibited in the GA HCl 500mg/kg＋taurine 500mg/kg group compared to the control group. Inhibitory action against COX 1 and COX 2 were not significantly inhibited in the experimental group. These results suggest that the combined administration of the GA HCl and taurine have potential action in anti inflammatory and analgesic action.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2000

Bacterial diseases with mixed infection have recently occurred at land-based flounder farms in Korea. Thus, single antibacterial is not effective for therapy of mixed bacterial diseases of fish because of their different causative bacteria. The purpose of the present study was to obtain basic data for positive usefulness of a combination of antibacterials used for synergism to mixed bacterial diseases of fish. Snergistic interaction in combination of antibacterials was determined by in vitro antimicrobial activity against selected fish-pathogenic bacteria, Vibrio anguillarum, Edwardsiella tarda, Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus epidermidis, on the basis of Checkerboard assay using fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices. Synergistic interactions were observed in combinations of (oxytetracycline HCL+lincomycin), (tetracycline HCL+florfenicol), (oxytetracycline HCL+florfenicol) against V. anguillarum, (sodium nifurstyrenate+florfenicol), (tetracycline HCL+florfenicol), (sodium nifurstyrenate+oxolinic acid), (oxytetracycline HCL+florfenicol) against E. tarda, (ciprofloxacine+oleandomycin), (oxytetracycline HCL+oleandomycin), (tetracycline HCL+oleandomycin), (oxytetracycline HCL+lincomycin), (oxytetracycline HCL+spiramycin), (oxytetracycline HCL+erythromycin), (doxycycline HCL+oleandomycin), (tetracycline HCL+spiramycin) against Streptococcus sp., and (ciprofloxacine+erythromycin), (florfenicol+erythromycin), (doxycycline HCL+oleandomycin), (ciprofloxacine+oleandomycin) against S. epidermidis.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.42-52
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• 2024

Antimalarial drugs are an urgently need and crucial tool in the campaign against malaria, which can threaten public health. In this study, we examined the cytotoxicity of the 9 antimalarial compounds chemically synthesized using SKM13-2HCl. Except for SKM13-2HCl, the 5 newly synthesized compounds had a 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC₅₀) >100 μM, indicating that they would be less cytotoxic than SKM13-2HCl. Among the 5 compounds, only SAM13-2HCl outperformed SKM13-2HCl for antimalarial activity, showing a 3- and 1.3-fold greater selective index (SI) (CC₅₀/IC₅₀) than SKM13-2HCl in vitro against both chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine -resistant (K1) Plasmodium falciparum strains, respectively. Thus, the presence of morpholine amide may help to effectively suppress human-infectious P. falciparum parasites. However, the antimalarial activity of SAM13-2HCl was inferior to that of the SKM13-2HCl template compound in the P. berghei NK65-infected mouse model, possibly because SAM13-2HCl had a lower polarity and less efficient pharmacokinetics than SKM13-2HCl. SAM13-2HCl was more toxic in the rodent model. Consequently, SAM13-2HCl containing morpholine was selected from screening a combination of pharmacologically significant structures as being the most effective in vitro against human-infectious P. falciparum but was less efficient in vivo in a P. berghei-infected animal model when compared with SKM13-2HCl. Therefore, SAM13-2HCl containing morpholine could be considered a promising compound to treat chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum infections, although further optimization is crucial to maintain antimalarial activity while reducing toxicity in animals.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Resources Recycling Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.70-74
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• 2005

최근에 국내에서 활발히 보급되기 시작한 폐기물 고형연료(Refuse-Derived Fuel : RDF)에 적합한 HCl 배출 저감설비의 개발에 필요한 기본적인 자료를 확보하기 위한 첫 번째 단계로서 RDF 연소시의 HCl 생성 및 저감 특성에 대한 실험실적인 기초 실험을 수행하였다. 개당 무게가 $2{\sim}3\;g$ 정도인 RDF 시료는 실험실적 방법으로 제조하였고, Ca 계통의 흡수제를 선택하여 RDF 중의 Cl 함량 및 원료 조성에 따른 HCl 배출농도 및 흡수제 사용량, Ca/Cl 몰비에 따른 HCl 제거효율, 연소 조건별 생성물질, 반응온도별 HCl 배출농도 및 회재의 Cl 함량, 흡수제별 HCl 저감효율 변화 등을 살펴보았다. 또한 40 kg/hr과 200 kg/hr의 용량을 가진 RDF 연소용 실험설비에서 측정된 HCl 배출농도, RDF의 Cl 함량, 회재 종류별 Cl 함량 분포 등을 기초실험 결과와 비교분석하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.41-45
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• 1984

The production of high-quality epitaxial layers almost always involves an etching step of silicon substrates with HCl gas prior to epitaxy, In this work, an investigation has been made on the etch rate and the etch-pit formation as a function of HCl gas concentration and etch temperature at atmospheric pressure (1 atm.) and reduced pressure (0.1 atom.). As a result, it is found that the etch rate is proportional to the square of the HCI gas concentration (XHC12) and the apparent ativation energy is between 0 and 111 Kcal/mole for both ammospheric and reduced pressure operation. From these results, it is expected that the HCI etching of silicon in reduced pressure operation proceeds, as in atmospheric operation, via the reaction ; Si + 2HCl ↔ SiCl2 + H2.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to determine the physiological response and the applicable concentration ranges of anesthetic clove oil and anesthetic lidocaine-HCl, and to investigate the synergistic effect of a mixture of these two anesthetics on the in grass puffer (Takifugu niphobles). The anesthesia times decreased and the recovery times increased with increasing concentrations of clove oil and lidocaine-HCl. Applicable concentration ranges for long-term transportation requiring more than 1 hour were 2 ppm for clove oil and 50 ppm for lidocaine-HCl. With mixtures of the two anesthetics, the anesthesia time decreased as the admixture concentration of clove oil and lidocaine-HCl increased. Anesthesia times of experimental groups with the combined anesthetics were shorter than those with the same concentrations of clove oil or lidocaine-HCl alone. Plasma cortisol concentrations were highest at 6 hours in all experimental groups anesthetized with the mixture of clove oil and lidocaine-HCl, while all groups with clove oil or lidocaine-HCl alone had the highest plasma cortisol concentrations at 12 hours. Plasma glucose concentrations were highest at 12 hours in experimental groups anesthetized with the mixture of clove oil and lidocaine-HCl, while groups with clove oil or lidocaine-HCl alone had the highest plasma glucose at 24 hours. The results of this study provide basic information about anesthetics and the synergistic effect of mixtures of anesthetics in this fish species. This information should be useful for aquaculturists who require methods for safe and easy fish handling, and for transporters who require that minimal stress is imposed on fish during transport.