• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.303-312
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• 2007

In order to investigate the dynamics of phytoplankton standing crops affecting by environmental factors, biological and environmental factors, this study was examined in the marine ranching ground of Tongyeong coastal waters from 2000 to 2007. During the study, mean water temperature and salinity were 16.7$^{\circ}C$ and 32.9 psu, respectively. pH, DO and SS varied from 7.81$\sim$8.09, 3.02$\sim$8.97 mg $L^{-1}$ and 2.7$\sim$32.2 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively. Mean concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphate and silicate were 21.75 ${\mu}M$, 0.90 ${\mu}M$ and 14.38 ${\mu}M$, respectively. Chlorophyll a concentrations varied from 0.02 ${\mu}g$ $L^{-1}$ to 25.29 ${\mu}g$ $L^{-1}$ with mean a value of 2.0 ${\mu}g$ $L^{-1}$. These factors did show significant differences on each layer and season, while did not show on the sampling stations. Phytoplankton standing crops varied from $4.21\times10^3$ cells $L^{-1}$ to $1.44\times10^6$ cells $L^{-1}$ with a mean value of $1.92\times10^5$ cells $L^{-1}$. Especially, variations of phytoplankton standing crops had an unimodal pattern as only bloomed in autumn rather than a bimodal pattern as generally bloomed in spring and autumn. In results of stepwise multiple regression analysis, the coefficient of determination $(R^2)$ for total standing crops was 0.35 and the standing crops were affected by water temperature, salinity, phosphate and silicate. The factors affected were different seasonally; water temperature in spring, salinity in summer, water temperature, salinity and silicate in autumn and water temperature, salinity and suspended solids in winter. Therefore, the results from the statistical analysis showed that the environmental factors influencing on the variations of the phytoplankton standing crops were predominantly water temperature and salinity.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.169-179
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• 2009

This study aims to present a fundamental data base to figure out the mental and the physical conditions that the dental technicians are facing and ultimately to develop a health care program to deal with their health related problems. To this end, we took an analysis on the health status among the subjects of 895 dental technicians currently working at the dental lab around the nation from January 15 to March 31, 2009 by way or Todai Health Index(THI). Of the average scale point in accordance with 12 scale scores of the physical and the mental subjective symptom, the results revealed that the physical appeals (21.10) were higher than the mental appeals (18.49) and the multiple subjective symptom was marked as 38.44 followed by the mental irritability (25.92). In gender differences, the females proved to be higher than the males in both physical appeals and mental appeals while the physical appeals were dominant in both genders. The physical appeals were higher than the mental appeals with regard to the general characteristics. In the case or the group or age twenties as shown in the physical and mental average scale point, the other groups showed 21.55% of the physical appeals among the married whereas the mental appeals showed the highest point as 18.70 in the unmarried group. In job position, the other groups marked the highest, in working condition, below average group marked the highest, in frequency of break time, none group marked the highest. We drew a conclusion form this study that the dental technicians gained the higher points in the item or the multiple subjective symptom, the menial irritability, and the irregular life. More research on th is phenomena should be followed along with the development of various and practical health care programs to promote the health or dental technicians.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.161-168
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• 2014

This study aimed to investigate dietary concentrate:forage ratios (C:F) and undegraded dietary protein (UDP) on nitrogen balance and urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) in lambs. Four Dorper${\times}$thin-tailed Han crossbred castrated lambs with $62.3{\pm}1.9$ kg body weight at 10 months of age were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments in a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of two levels of C:F (40:60 and 60:40) and two levels of UDP (35% and 50% of CP), according to a complete $4{\times}4$ Latin-square design. Each experimental period lasted for 19 d. After a 7-d adaptation period, lambs were moved into individual metabolism crates for 12 d including 7 d of adaption and 5 d of metabolism trial. During the metabolism trial, total urine was collected for 24 h and spot urine samples were also collected at different times. Urinary PD was measured using a colorimetric method and creatinine was measured using an automated analyzer. Intake of dry matter (DM) (p<0.01) and organic matter (OM) (p<0.01) increased as the level of UDP decreased. Fecal N was not affected by dietary treatment (p>0.05) while urinary N increased as the level of UDP decreased (p<0.05), but decreased as dietary C:F increased (p<0.05). Nitrogen retention increased as dietary C:F increased (p<0.05). As dietary C:F increased, urinary excretion of PD increased (p<0.05), but was not affected by dietary UDP (p>0.05) or interaction between dietary treatments (p>0.05). Daily excretion of creatinine was not affected by dietary treatments (p<0.05), with an average value of $0.334{\times}0.005$ mmol/kg $BW^{0.75}$. A linear correlation was found between total PD excretion and PDC index ($R^2$ = 0.93). Concentrations of creatinine and PDC index in spot urine were unaffected by sampling time (p>0.05) and a good correlation was found between the PDC index (average value of three times) of spot urine and daily excretion of PD ($R^2$ = 0.88). These results suggest that for animals fed ad libitum, the PDC index in spot urine is effective to predict daily excretion of PD. In order to improve the accuracy of the spot sampling technique, an appropriate lag phase between the time of feeding and sampling should be determined so that the sampling time can coincide with the peak concentration of PD in the urine.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.26-46
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• 2020

An irrigated-maize agroecosystem is viewed as an open thermodynamic system upon which solar radiation impresses a large gradient that moves the system away from equilibrium. Following the imperative of the second law of thermodynamics, such agroecosystem resists and reduces the externally applied gradient by using all means of this nature-human coupled system acting together as a nonequilibrium dissipative process. The ultimate purpose of our study is to test this hypothesis by examining the energetics of agroecosystem growth and development. As a first step toward this test, we employed the eddy covariance flux data from 2003 to 2014 at the AmeriFlux NE1 irrigated-maize site at Mead, Nebraska, USA, and analyzed the energetics of this agroecosystem by scrutinizing its radiation, energy and entropy exchange. Our results showed: (1) more energy capture during growing season than non-growing season, and increasing energy capture through growing season until senescence; (2) more energy flow activity within and through the system, providing greater potential for degradation; (3) higher efficiency in terms of carbon uptake and water use through growing season until senescence; and (4) the resulting energy degradation occurred at the expense of increasing net entropy accumulation within the system as well as net entropy transfer out to the surrounding environment. Under the drought conditions in 2012, the increased entropy production within the system was accompanied by the enhanced entropy transfer out of the system, resulting in insignificant net entropy change. Drought mitigation with more frequent irrigation shifted the main route of entropy transfer from sensible to latent heat fluxes, yielding the production and carbon uptake exceeding the 12-year mean values at the cost of less efficient use of water and light.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.411-417
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• 2017

This study was conducted to establish the analysis method for the contents of choline in infant formulas and follow-up formulas by ion chromatograph (IC). To optimize the method, we compared several conditions for extraction, purification and instrumental measurement using spiked samples and certified reference material (CRM; NIST SRM 1849a) as test materials. IC method for choline was established using Ion Pac CG column and 18 mM $H_2SO_4$ mobile phase. The parameters of validation were specificity, linearity, LOD, LOQ, recovery, accuracy, precision and repeatability. The specificity was confirmed by the retention time and the linearity, $R_2$ was over 0.999 in range of 0.5~10 mg/L. The detection limit and quantification limit were 0.14, 0.43 mg/L. The accuracy and precision of this method using CRM were 95%, 2.1% respectively. Optimized methods were applied in sample analysis to verify the reliability. All the tested products were acceptable contents of choline compared with component specification for nutrition labeling. The standard operating procedures were prepared for choline to provide experimental information and to strengthen the management of nutrient in infant formula and follow-up formula.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.818-826
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• 2013

To evaluate the practical use of okara koji in soy sauce fermented with soybean koji, the okara koji was fortified with different contents (0, 50, and 100%) in soybean koji and then fermented for 90 days. The saltiness of the soy sauce was about 17.15~17.22%. The higher okara koji content showed lower net soluble solid contents of 8.73, 6.12, and 2.50%, as well as lower acidity levels of 1.09, 0.98, and 0.47%. The buffering capacity of the soy sauce decreased to 1.26-3.41 by adding higher okara koji. The protease activity was higher in the soy sauce with 50% orara koji and decreased with longer fermentation. Also, the tyrosine content peaked to 275.2 mg% after 90 days. ${\alpha}$-amylase showed higher activity in the soy sauces fortified with okara koji, which resulted in the highest total sugar and reducing sugar contents after 60 days. The total sugar and the reducing sugar in the soy source decreased after longer fermentation. The total free amino acid contents of the soy sources fortified with okara koji (0, 50, and 100%) were 41.68 mg/mL, 33.10 mg/mL, and 9.27 mg/mL, respectively. In particular, the glutamic acid contents of the three types of soy sauces were highest, and most amino acids, except for glutamine, increased during the fermentation for 90 days. The sensory evaluation, except of the saltiness and color, showed similar values in the soy sauces, except in the okara koji 100%. Thus, okara koji could be a valuable ingredient of traditional soy sauces. However, the 50% okara koji did not differ significantly from the others.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.173-179
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the dietary effects of multiple mixture of probiotics on laying performance and the faecal examination in laying hens (Hy-line Brown) at the early (21~40 wk) and middle (41~65 wk) laying term. Multiple probiotics were produced by developing products and the properties of microorganisms were examined for detecting of acid-resistance, bile salt-resistance and antibacterial activity against pathogenic enteric bacteria. Probiotics produced to the fermenting cultures of four selected organisms and soybean meal substrates by nine steps of NK proliferating system. The most microorganisms were shown higher resistance of acidity and bile salt. High antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium were observed, but was not against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Total egg production of the treatment was significantly higher than control group but was not statistically different between 0.1% and 0.2% treatments (P>0.05). Average egg weight of the treatment in early laying term was also significantly higher than control but was not significantly different between 0.1% and 0.2% treatments (P>0.05). But the egg weight of the treatment in middle laying term was significantly higher than control and between 0.1% and 0.2% treatments (P>0.05). The mortality of 0.2% treatment was significantly lower than control (P<0.05), and 0.2% treatment in the early laying term was tended to decreased than 0.1% treatment and control. But there was not significantly between 0.1% and 0.2% treatments in middle laying term. In feed intake, 0.2% treatment in middle laying term was significantly increased than control and 0.1% treatment (P<0.05) but not in early laying term. In faecal examination, the total number of Lactobacillus of 0.1% treatment was significantly increased than control in whole laying term (P<0.05), but Coli form of the treatment was decreased than control in middle laying term. In conclusion, dietary long term supplementation of multiple probiotics improved performance of lay hens, egg weight and mortality drop by regulating enteric bacteria.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.42-52
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• 2008

Purpose: Resonance Frequency Analysis(RFA) technique can be used as an effective method in measuring the implant stability and documenting the clinical results. This technique also determines how stable the implant is before performing a prosthetic practice. Having become one the guidelines of the implant therapy whose final objective is the immediate loading, the $Osstell^{TM}$ mentor is giving a lot of information to the clinicians recently. In this communication, experiments were performed to investigate how reliable the measured ISQ values by $Osstell^{TM}$ mentor are, and to see if those are also stable even after sterilization. As five objectives: 1) How stable measured ISQ values after fixation $Smartpeg^{TM}s$ for 400 times. 2) How stable measured ISQ values after 'attach-detach'$Smartpeg^{TM}'s$ for 400 times. 3) How stable measured ISQ values after clinical sterilization methods. 4) How stable measured ISQ values after repeatedly sterilization in autoclave for 10 times. 5) What is the critical temperature which is lost the magnetism of $Smartpeg^{TM}$. Materials and Methods: Clinical sterilization methods(Autoclave sterilization, Dentistar sterilization, Ultra violet sterilization, Vacuum dry unit sterilization, Boiling water sterilization, combined $H_{2}O_{2}$ and Alcohol sterilization).$Smartpeg^{TM}s$. D3 Block bone($3{\times}9{\times}2cm$). Osstem implant(${\emptyset}4.1$-10mm).$Osstell^{TM}$ mentor. Individual experiment was used 8 number of $Smartpeg^{TM}s$ and they had measured to ISQ values of before experiment and after experiment. Results: 1. The measured ISQ values did not change after fixation $Smartpeg^{TM}s$ for 400 times. 2. There was no significant changes in the measured ISQ values of 'attach-detach $Smartpeg^{TM}s'$ for 400 times. 3. The measured ISQ values did not change after the usual clinical sterilization methods. 4. The measured ISQ values did not change after sterilization in autoclave for 10 times. 5. It was impossible to exactly measure the critical temperature which is lost the magnetism of $Smartpeg^{TM}s$. But, the results was resulted to lost its magnetism in higher temperature than $150^{\circ}C$/10 minute. Conclusion: The measured ISQ values showed insignificant differences in case of no changes in the magnetism of the $Smartpeg^{TM}s$. It seems that the $Smartpeg^{TM}s$ can be used repeatedly in every measurement if the original magnetisms of the $Smartpeg^{TM}s$ can be recognized. There seems to be no significant changes in the measured ISQ values of 'attach-detach $Smartpeg^{TM}s'$ only if the screw pitches were unimpaired. The clinical sterilization methods seems acceptable because the result was resulted to lost its magnetism in higher temperature than $150^{\circ}C$/10minute.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 1970

In an effort of determine the metabolism and bio-synthesis of nitrogen, was studied at variance of souble nitrogens, free amino acids and total alcohol soluble amino acids during the growth of younger soybean plants, and saybean divides into cotyledon and embryonic organ (shoot and root system) in this experiment. 1. In the soluble nitrogen of soybean, ratio of increase and decrease in the amino acids of them was displayed the near phenomena both cotyledon and embryonic organ of soybean. But, in the 17th days after seed germination, that is the developmeatal stage of adult leaf of soybeans, was appear the maximum value. It has been suggested that the stage of first half period of growth as boundary the stage of adult leaf development which indicated clear morphologically, at the younger soybean plants, is the step that nitrogen assimilation. 2. It was investigated the amino acids of seventeen kinds in the seed state, but at the third days after seed germination, was investigated the amino acids of nineteen kinds. Ultimately, it appears the translocation from cotyledon to embryonic organ in the distribution of amino acid, the nineth day which differentiation begining day of embryonic organ, then after, it happen the variation of number of inspected amino acid in the cotyledon and embryonic organ but only the variance changes in the distribution and quantitative aspects. Especially, the most conspicuous fact was indicated the accumulation of Asparagine, that is the phenomena of Asparagine-accumulation was constitute, not with standing no fertilization from outside. It may be concluded from the results of this investigation that the difference of special phenomena of soybean from the embryo of other plans. 3. In the initial stage of differentiation at embryonic organ number of inspected amino acid was very few, and then, it was slightly appeared the increase-phenomena in the number of them. It was that the amino acid inspecting the initial stage was translocated from the cotyledon. It is suggested that the intermediate-metabolism of amino acid was constituted on the basis of above the result. 4. The phenomena of increase and decrease of total alcohol soluble amino acid were essentially identical to the water soluble amino acid of soybean, but it was appeared the severe difference of amounts in both of them.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.9
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• pp.327-349
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• 1997

Luftfrachtersatzverkehr ist der Transport von Luftfrachtgut von Flughafen zu Flughafen unter einem Luftfrachtbrief im $Oberfl{\ddot{a}}chentransport$ urn die erste und/oder letzte Teilstrecke einer als Gesamtstrecke vereinbarten $Luftfrachtbef{\ddot{o}}rderung$. These Strecken $f{\ddot{u}}hren$ von nationalen oder intemationalen $Flugh{\tilde{a}}fen$ zurn Zentralflughafen ($_"Hub"$) der Luftverkehrsgesellschaft bzw. in urngekehrter Richtung vom Zentralflughafen hin zu den einzelnen nationalen oder intemationalen $Flugh{\ddot{a}}fen$. Die Vorteile des Luftfrachtersatzverkehrs sind offenkundig, daher auch sein $st{\ddot{a}}ndiges$ Anwachsen. Allerdings bestand bei den Luftverkehrsgesellschaften jahrelang eine $gro{\ss}e$ Unsicherheit, wie dieser Luftverkehr, der eben nicht in der Luft $durchgef{\ddot{u}}hrt$ wird, rechtlich zu qualifizieren sei. Stellte die $Bef{\ddot{o}}rderung$ von $Luftfrachtg{\ddot{u}}tem$ auf der $Stra{\ss}e$ einen Bruch des $Luftbef{\ddot{o}}rderungsvertrages$ dar, so wie im Schadensfall die $Gesch{\ddot{a}digten$, Absender oder $Empf{\ddot{a}}nger$ des betreffenden Gutes, der Luftverkehrgesllschft auf Art. 18 Abs. 3 oder Art. 31 Warschauer Abkommen(WA) berufen? Folge dieser Unsicherheit war, $da{\ss}$ ${\ddot{u}}ber$ lange Jahre hinweg die Luftverkehrsgesellschaften sich scheuten, diese Frage einer gerichtlichen $Kl{\ddot{a}}rung$ $zuzuf{\ddot{u}}hren$, Eher war man geneigt, sich mit dem Anspruchsgegner $au{\ss}ergerichtlich$ zu vergleichen, selbst wenn dies bedeutete, $da{\ss}$ man sich nicht auf die $Haftungsbeschr{\ddot{a}}nkungen$ des Art. 22 WA berufen konnte, als ein Urteil zu erstreiten, welcher $m{\ddot{o}}glicherweise$ der Praxis der $Luftfrachtersatzbef{\ddot{o}}rderung$ einen - rechtlichen - Riegel vorgeschoben $h{\ddot{a}}tte$. Diese Unsicherheit ist jedoch durch die Entscheidung die erste und wohl auch bislang einzige $h{\ddot{o}}chstrichterliche$ Entscheidung zur $Luftfrachtersatzbef{\ddot{o}}rderung$ nicht nur in Deutschland, sondem soger in Europa. Die Luftverkehrsgesellschaften $k{\ddot{o}}nnen$ mit dieser Entscheidung gut leben. Bei emer $vertragsgem{\ddot{a}}{\ss}en$ $Luftfrachtersatzbef{\ddot{o}}rderung$ haftet der $Luftfrachtf{\ddot{u}}hrer$ $f{\ddot{u}}r$ $Sch{\ddot{a}}den$ $anl{\ddot{a}}{\ss}lich$ der mit dem Luftfahrzeug $ausgef{\ddot{u}}hrten$ Teilstrecke nach den Vorsschriften des Warschauer Abkommens und $f{\ddot{u}}r$ $Sch{\ddot{a}}den$ $anl{\ddot{a}}{\ss}lich$ der mit einem $Oberfl{\ddot{a}}chenbef{\ddot{o}}rderungsmittel$ $ausgef{\ddot{u}}hrten$ Teilstrecke nach den Vorschriften, welche $f{\ddot{u}}r$ das $tats{\ddot{a}}chlich$ eingesetzte ransportmittel $einschl{\ddot{a}}gig$ sind. Bei unbekanntem Schadensort haftet der $Luftfrachtf{\ddot{u}}hrer$ nach dem jeweils $sch{\ddot{a}}rfsten$ der in Betracht kommenden Rechte. Bei emer vertragwidrigen $Luftfrachtersatzbef{\ddot{o}}rderung$ haftet der $Luftfrachtf{\ddot{u}}hrer$ nach dem Recht des vereinbarten $Bef{\ddot{o}}rderungsmittels$, da sich auf dieses Recht der Vertragspartner des $Luftfrrachtf{\ddot{u}}hrers$ eingerichtet hatte. Der $Luftfrachtf{\ddot{u}}frer$ haftet aber auch nach dem Recht des $tats{\ddot{a}}chlich$ eingesetzten $Bef{\ddot{o}}rderungsmittels$, da er sich in dessen Haftungsordnung durch die einseitige Wahl des $Bef{\ddot{o}}rderungsmittels$ selbst hineingestellt hat. Bei unbekanntem Schadensort haftet der $Luftfrachtf{\ddot{u}}hrer$ nach dem jeweils $sch{\ddot{a}}rfsten$ der in Betracht kommenden Rechte.