• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.19-32
• /
• 1980

Besides the benefits of antimicrobial agents in the control of various infectious diseases, widespread and prolonged use of particular antimicrobial agents has brought about the increase of drug-resistant strains in a community and the profound changes in the pattern of infectious diseases. In Korea, there are some remote villages where no clinics and drug stores are available and the residents in those areas are assumed to have fewer chances to contact with antimicrobial agents. In the present study, the differences in susceptibilities to 14 antimicrobial agents between the isolates from rural areas(R) and Seoul National University Hospital(SNUH, H) were studied. The isolates and their numbers were Staphylococcus aureus, R;55, H;68), Enterococci(R;28, H;30), Escherichia coli(R;40, H;40), Enterobacter aerogenes(R;25, H;21) and Klebsiella pneunoniae(R;58, H;67). Minimal inhibitory concentrations(MIC's) of penicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalexin, tetracycline, oxytetracyline, doxycycline, minocycline, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, erythromycin, troleandomycin and co-trimoxazole were determined by agar dilution method. I. Comparison of MIC's and resistant strain proportions between isolates from SNUH and rural areas. MIC's and/or resistant strain proportions of the isolates from SNUH were significantly higher than those of the isolates from rural areas in the cases of 1. S. aureus to doxycycline, streptomycin and kanamycin. 2. E. coli to penicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, streptomycin, kanamycin, erythromycin and co-trimoxazole. 3. E. aerogences to carbenicillin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, streptomycin, kanamycin, genaamicin and co-trimoxazole. 4. K pneunoniae to penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, monocycline, streptomycin, kanamycine, gentamicin and co-trimoxazole. However, the mean MIC and resistant strain proportion of S. aureus to tetracycline were higher in isolates from rural areas than in those from SNUH and Enterococci showed no differences in susceptibilities to the antimicrobial agents between isolates from rural areas and from SNUH. Therefore, in general, differenes in susceptibility to these antimicrobial agents between the isolates from rural areas and SNUH were remarkably greater and broader in gram negative enteric bacteria. II. Multiple drug resistance pattern. Patterns and incidences of multiple drug resistance were studied with penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, cephalexin, gentamicin, streptomcin, kanamycin and co-trimoxazole in Enterococci, E. coli, E. aeroges and K. pneumoniae. There appeared significant differences in the incidence of multiply drug-resistant strains and multiple drug resistance patterns between the isolates from SNUH and rural areas in Enterococci, E. coli, E. aerogenes and K. pneumoniae. However, there was no difference in the incidence of multiply drug-resistant strains between isolates of S. aureus from SNUH and rural areas but the pattern of multiple resistance of the SNUH strains of S. aureus was diverse, while that of the rural strains was predominantly confined to penicillin-tetracycline combination. The incidence of multigly drug-resistant strains and diversity of their patterns were the highest in E. coli strains isolated from SNUH and there were no multiply drug resistant strrains in Enterococci and K. pneumoniae strains isolated from rural areas. The number of drug-resistance determinants was also different between the isolates from rural areas and SNUH. Most of the multiply drug-resistant strains of E. coli, E. aerogenes and K. pneumoniae isolated from SNUH were resistant to more than 3 kinds of antimicrobial agents, most frequently to ampicillin, tetracycline and streptomycin, while multiply drug-resistant strains from rural areas were resistant to 2 kinds of antimicrobial agents among ampicillin, tetracycline and streptomycin. With drug-resistant E. coli strains, resistance to tetracycline which was used most widely since 1951 was most frequently involved as a part of mutliple drug-resistance, followed by resistance to ampicillin and streptomycin. This strongly suggests that emergence of drug-restant strains in a community is directly dependent on the selective pressure exerted by the antimicrobial agent used. III. Cross resistance. Cross resistance of bacteria was studied among tetracycline penicillin, aminoglycoside and macrolide derivatives by analyzing correlation coefficients of sucseptibilities using the least square method. In this study, there were high correlations among the susceptibilities to related derivatives. It appears that the relatively low correlations in susceptibilities present in some cases are due to intrinsic resistance of E. aerogenes to penicillin, Enterococci to aminoglycoside and E. coli E. aerogenes and K. pneumoniae to macrolide derivatives.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.413-421
• /
• 1999

Background: Ischemia reperfusion injury is known to contribute to the major causes of the early graft failure in lung transplantation. Triiodothyronine (T3) has been suggested to ameliorate ischemia reperfusion injury from both in vivo and in vitro experiments of various organs. Prospecting its beneficial effect for pulmonary allograft preservation, we made a new solution by adding T3 into the extracellular type dextran solution. Material and Method: Twelve adult mongrel dogs underwent left lung allotransplantation. Six donor dogs were flushed with the new solution(Group 1, n=6), and the remaining six were flushed with Euro-Collins solution to serve as controls(Group 2, n=6). Allografts were stored in each preservation solution for 20 hours at 4$^{\circ}C$. Left single lung transplantations were performed. The right pulmonary artery and the right main bronchus were clamped at 15 minutes after the reperfusion and maintained throughout the experiment to evaluate the transplanted left lung function. Result: Arterial carbon dioxide tension was better in group 1 than in group 2 throughout the experiment period and the difference was statistically significant at 2 hours after reperfusion(28.0${\pm}$3.0 mmHg and 53.1${\pm}$17.4 mmHg, p<0.05). The differences of arterial oxygen partial pressure, peak airway pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance showed no statistical significance. The malondialdehyde(MDA) level, measured from tissue obtained at 120 minutes after reperfusion showed no statistically significant difference. The tissue wet/dry ratio of group 1(649${\pm}$27 %) was significantly lower than that of group 2(686${\pm}$71 %, p<0.05). The microscopic examination revealed varying degrees of injury represented mainly by findings such as perivascular neutrophil infiltration, capillary hemorrhage and interstitial congestion. These findings were less severe in group 1 than those in group 2. Conclusion: The new solution demonstrated superior allograft preservation after 20 hour ischemia compared to Euro-Collins solution in canine single left lung transplantation model, these results suggest that T3 might be a promising agent for pulmonary allograft preservation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.99-106
• /
• 2009

For Exp. 1, 120 ((Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace)${\times}$Duroc) weaned pigs (7.96${\pm}$0.01 kg average initial BW, 21 days weaning) were used in a 28 d-growth assay to determine the effects of replacing soy protein concentrate (SPC) with fermented soy protein (FSP) in a starter diet (d 0 to 7) on the growth performance, apparent fecal amino acid digestibility and subsequent performance in weaned pigs. Dietary treatments included: i) FSP0 (basal diet; whey-skim milk powder-SPC based diet); ii) FSP5 (replacing SPC with 5% FSP); iii) FSP10 (replacing SPC with 10% FSP). Pigs were fed the phase I diet for 7 days, and then each group was fed a common commercial diet for 21 days to determine the effect of previous diet on subsequent performance. Average daily gain (ADG) from d 5 to 7 (linear effect, p = 0.01) and d 7 to 14 (linear effect, p<0.001) were increased as FSP level increased. The pigs fed with FSP was heavier than the pigs fed with SPC at d 5 to 7 and d 7 to 14 after weaning (p<0.05). In the entire period (d 0 to 28), there were no significant differences in weight gain and final weight between SPC and FSP diets (p>0.05). Average daily feed intake (ADFI) was higher in pigs fed with the 5% FSP diet than those fed with the other diets at d 0 to 2 post-weaning (quadratic effect, p = 0.05). Also, for the entire period of phase I (d 0 to 7), pigs consumed more 5% FSP diet compared to other treatments (quadratic effect, p = 0.03). Gain/feed (G/F) was not affected by dietary SPC or FSP in phase I and subsequent periods, but G/F from d 5 to 7 after weaning was improved linearly (p = 0.04) as dietary FSP level increased. Pigs fed with 10% FSP also improved G/F compared with those fed only SPC (p<0.05). At d 7, there were linear increments in fecal dry matter (DM) (p<0.1) and nitrogen (N) (p<0.01) digestibilities as the dietary FSP level increased. The digestibilities of fecal essential and total amino acids were increased as the FSP level increased (linear effect, p<0.1). For Exp. 2, three ((Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace)${\times}$Duroc) weaned barrows (average initial BW of 7.32 kg) were surgically fitted with a simple T-cannula approximately 15 cm prior to the ileo-cecal junction. The experimental designs were 3${\times}$3 latin squares with pigs and periods as blocking criteria. Dietary treatments and composition were the same as in Exp. 1. Apparent ileal N digestibility was increased as FSP level was increased (linear effect, p<0.05). The dietary treatments (SPC and FSP) did not affect apparent ileal DM digestibility (p>0.05). Among essential amino acids, apparent digestibility of ileal arginine (Arg), lysine (Lys), methionine (Met) and phenylalanine (Phe) were improved as the FSP level increased (linear effect, p<0.1). Also, apparent ileal total essential, non-essential and total amino acid digestibilities were increased linearly (p<0.1). In conclusion, replacing SPC with fermented soy protein appeared beneficial in growth performance, N and amino acid digestibility during the early 7 days after weaning, and an equivalent effect showed on growth performance in subsequent period of 7 to 28 days after weaning.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.231-237
• /
• 2005

This study was carried out to evaluate the breeding values for economic traits in Korean native chicken on the basis of 11,583 birds of record along 7 generations collected from 1995 to 2001 at National Livestock Research Institute, Korea. The results obtained are summarized as follows : The breeding value estimates of the body weights at 150 and 270 days in Dark Brown, Light Brown, Gray Brown, Black and White strains were $-16.563\~0.474\;and\;-18.836\~21.700,\;-14.714\~9.272\;and\;-23.025\~11.297,\; -25.186\~12.953\;and\;-28.368\~18.156,\;-15.549\~6.329\;and\;-18.264\~4.963,\;-10.708\~20.284\; and\;-25.112\~10.132g$, respectively. The breeding value estimates of the ages at first egg in Dark Brown, Light Brown, Gray Brown, Black and White strains were $-1.236\~0.047,\;-1.509\~0.298,\;-1.362\~0.114,\;-1.436\~0.199\;and\;-1.385\~0.718$, respectively. The breeding value estimates of the egg weight at first egg and at 270 days were $-0.105\~0.075\;and\;-0.120\~0.398,\;-0.109\~0.042\;and\;-0.205\~0.173,\;-0.166\~0.084\;and\;-0.256\~0.091,\;-0.119\~0.066\;and\;-0.051\~0.132,\;-0.112\~0.027\;and\;-0.070\~0.101g$, respectively. The breeding value estimates of the egg Production to 270 days in Dark Brown, Light Brown, Gray Brown, Black and White strains were $0.298\~l.807,\;-0.049\~l.146,\;-0.396\~l.125,\;-1.206\~l.173\;and\;-0.474\~2.641$, respectively.

• Food Engineering Progress
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.143-149
• /
• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate antimicrobial activity and characteristics of Asparagus cochinchinenesis which was steamed and fermented with lactic acid bacteria. A. cochinchinensis was prepared to steaming process which was washed and freeze dried. A. cochinchinensis was steamed at $95^{\circ}C$ for 12 h and dried by hot air at $50^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. After steaming process, A. cochinchinensis was fermented with lactic acid bacteria (Leuconostoc mesenteroides 4395, Lactobacillus sakei 383 and Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 11322). Ethyl acetate extracts of fermented A. cochinchinensis had antimicrobial activities for the respiratory disease bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). A. cochinchinensis had highest antimicrobial activity for the P. aeruginosa which fermented with L. mesenteroides 4395. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of A. cochinchinensis fermented with L. mesenteroides 4395 was 10 mg/mL for S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli and 5 mg/mL for P. aeruginosa. The MIC of A. cochinchinensis fermented with L. sakei 383 and A. cochinchinensis fermented with L. plantarum KCCM 11322 were the same. Total sugar was decreased from $863.33{\pm}17.47mg/mL$ to $722.67{\pm}5.51mg/mL$ during the steaming process. But reducing sugar was increased from $99.36{\pm}1.32mg/mL$ to $109.29{\pm}2.71mg/mL$ during the steaming process. Total sugar was decreased to 301.50-361.42 mg/mL and reducing sugar was decreased to 27.39-62.20 mg/mL during the fermentation process.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.795-804
• /
• 1998

Background: Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia(CEP) is interstitial lung disease characterized by multiple infiltration on radiographic study, accumulation of eosinophils in the alveolar space and interstitium of the lung, chronic persistent symptoms and possible relapse. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia(AEP) is a recently described illness, characterized by rapid clinical course, acute respiratory insufficiency and no relapse. Method : To better characterize acute and chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, we studied the clinical and laboratory features of 16 patients(AEP : 7 patients, CEP : 9 patients), which were clinico-pathohistologically diagnosed and not to be associated with organic disorders producing peripheral blood eosinophilia. Results: The mean age was higher for patients with CEP than for patients with AEP ($55.4{\pm}15.1$ vs. $24.6{\pm}7.9$ years, p<0.05). High fever(above $38^{\circ}C$) was presented in all patients of AEP and in one patient(11%) of CEP. All patients of AEP and eight patients (89%) of CEP showed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, and 6 patients(86%) of AEP and 2 patients(22%) of CEP showed pleural effusion in chest radiograph. The mean white blood cell count of AEP and CEP were $17,186/mm^3$ and $12,867/mm^3$, respectively. The mean peripheral blood eosinophil count of AEP and CEP were $939/mm^3$ and $2,104/mm^3$, respectively. The mean eosinophil fraction of BAL fluid of AEP and CEP were 32.4% (range: 18~47%) and 35.8% (range: 15.3~88.2%), respectively. The mean $PaO_2$ was lower for patients with AEP than for patients with CEP ($44.1{\pm}15.5$ vs. $62.7{\pm}6.9$mmHg, p<0.05). All patients of AEP and CEP were initially treated with antibiotics. All patients of CEP and one patients of AEP were finally required systemic steroid therapy. 6 patients of AEP were improved without steroid therapy. Relapse was observed in 3 patients(33%) of CEP. Conclusion : Compair with of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, acute eosinophilic pneumonia was characterized by relatively young age, acute onset, high fever, severe hypoxemia, diffuse pulmonary infiltrates with pleural effusion, steroid therapy is effective but spontaneous improvement with conservative therapy was frequent.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.29-44
• /
• 1995

A model experiment on the pair midwater trawl net applicable to 800 PS class Korean pair bottom trawlers was carried out in the special-prepared experimental thank. the tank was prepared as a reverse trapezoid shape in its vertical section by digging out flat soil. The dimension of the tank showed the 9.6 W$\times$43.0 L(m) of the upper fringe and the 4.8 W$\times$38.0 L(m) of the bottom with 3.0m in depth. The depth of water was maintained 2.7m during experiment. The model net was prepared based on the Tauti's similarity law of fishing gear in 1/30 scale considering the dimension of the experimental tank. Mouth performance of the model net during towing were determined by the photographs taken in front of the net mouth with the combinations of towing velocity, warp length and distance between paired boats. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. Vertical opening of the model nets A and B was varied in the range of 0.18~0.88 m and 0.21~0.78 m (which can be converted into 5.4~26.4m and 6.3~23.4 m in the full-scale net) respectively, and was varied predominantly by towing speed. Vertical opening (H which is appendixed m for the model net. f for the full-scale net. A and B for the types of the model net) can be expressed as the function of towing velocity$V_t$as in the model net $V_t$ : m/ sec)$H_{mA}$=1.67$e^{-1.65V_t}$ $H_{mB}$=1.15$e^{-1.13V_t}$, in the full-scale net ($V_t$ : k't) $H_{fA}$=50.27$e^-0.37V_t$ $H_{fB}$=34.46$e^{-0.26Vt}$. 2. Horizontal opening of the model nets An and b was varied in the range of 1.03~1.54m and 1.04~1.55 m (which can be converted into 30.9~46.2 m and 31.2~46.5m in the full-scale net) respectively, and was varied predominantly by distance between paired boats. Horizontal opening (W, appendixes are as same as the former) an be expressed as the function of distance between paired boats $D_b$as in the model net $W_{mA}$=0.69+0.09$D_b$ $W{mB}$=0.73+0.09$D_b$, in the full-scale net $W_{fA}$=20.81+0.09$D_b$ $W_{fB}$=22.11+0.09$D_b$ 3. Net opening area of the model net A and B was varied in the range of 0.28~1.04 $m^2$ and 0.33~0.94$m^2$(which can be converted into 252~936$m^2$ and 297~846$m^2$ in the full-scale net) respectively, and was varied predominantly by towing velocity. Net opening area ($S$, appendixes are as same as the former) van be expressed as the function of towing velocity$V_t$ as in the model net $v_t$ : m/sec) $S_{Ma}$=2.01$e^{-1.54V_T}$ $S_{mA}$=1.40$e^{-1.65V_t}$, in the full-scale net ($V_t$ : k't) $S_{fA}$=1.807$e^-0.35V_t$ $S_{fA}$=1.265$e^{-0.24V_t}$. 4. Filtering volume of the model nets A and B was varied in the range of 0.32~0.55 $m^3$ and 0.37~0.55$m^3$(which can be converted into 8.640~14.850 $m^3$ and 9.990~14.850$m3$in the full~scale net) respectively, and was predominantly varied by towing speed. filtering volume of the model net-A showed the maximum at the towing speed 0.69 m/sec(3 k't in the full-scale net), compared with that of the model net B showed at 0.92 m/sec(4 k't in the full-scale net).

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.520-527
• /
• 1988

The crystal structures of $Co^{2+}\;and\;Ag^+\;exchanged\;zeolite\; A,\; Ag_6Co_3$-A(a = 12.131(5)$\AA$) and $Ag_3Co_{4.5}$-A(a = 12.145(1)$\AA$), have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Both structures were solved and refined in the cubic space group Pm3m at 21(1)$^{\circ}C$. Full-matrix leastsquares refinement converged to the final error indices of R1 = 0.045 and R2 = 0.041 for $Ag_3Co_{4.5}-A,\; and\; R1 = 0.066\; and\; R2 = 0.076\; for\; Ag_6Co_3$-A using the 258 and 189 reflections, respectively, for which I > 3$\sigma$(I). Both structures indicate that CO(Ⅱ)ions are coordinated by three framework oxygens; the Co(II) to O(3) distances are 2.118(4)$\AA$ for $Ag_3Co_{4.5}$-A and 2.106(1)$\AA$ for $Ag_6Co_3-A$, respectively. In each structure, the angle substended at Co(II), O(3)-Co(II)-O(3) is ca 120°, close to the idealized trigonalplanar value. $Co^{2+}$ ions prefer to 6-ring sites and $Ag^+$ ions prefer to 8-ring site when total number of cations is more than 8. The crystals of hydrated and dehydrated $Ag_{12-2x}Co_x-A (x > 4.5)$ had no crystalline diffraction pattern, indicating the apparent exchange limit of $Co^{2+}\; into\; Ag_{12}-A\; is\; 4.5 Co^{2+}$ ions per unit cell. $Co^{2+}$ ions hydrolyze $H_2O$ molecules and $H_3O^+$ concentraction is accumulating. These $H_3O^+$ ions destroy the zeolite structures.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.585-592
• /
• 2003

The current study was conducted to determine the relationships of vitamin A on meat quality of Hanwoo as a basic study to manipulate vitamin A contents in feeds to produce high quality beef. Concentrations of vitamin A in serum and liver of Hanwoo steers(n=328) were analyzed and correlation coefficients with carcass properties were evaluated. Mean vitamin A concentration in the serum of Hanwoo steers in the early fattening period was 212.0$\pm$32.7 IU/dl, and that in the late fattening period was 117.56$\pm$43.15 IU/dl. Mean vitamin A concentration in the liver of Hanwoo steers in the late fattening period was 143.62$\pm$110 IU/g expressing large variations might be depended on animals, feeds and farms. There were negative correlations between serum vitamin A concentration and marbling degree(r=-0.24, P<0.01), fat contents in M. Logissimus dorsi (r=-0.21, P<0.01), and beef quality grade(r=-0.20, P<0.01). Vitamin A-palmitate in liver also expressed negative correlations with fat contents in M. Logissimus dorsi (r=-0.18, P<0.01) and beef quality grade(r=-0.16, P<0.05). From the results obtained in the current study, we concluded that it might be possible to produce high quality beef in Hanwoo by manipulating vitamin A contents in the feeds. Further detailed studies, however, are necessary to determine vitamin A contents in feeds, feeding levels, and feeding periods.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.59-76
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the teaching/learning process plan of 'housing culture and practical space use' for home economics in middle school according to the problem based learning(PBL) model. The plan consisting of 4-lessons has been developed and implemented following the steps of ADDIE model. Various activity materials (4 scenarios, 6 individual activity sheets, 10 reading texts, and 5 working resources) and visual materials (4 sets of ppt and 4 moving pictures) as well as questionnaire were developed for the 4-session lessons. The plans were implemented to a single class of 21 junior students at H middle school in rural area, Kyeongnam, from 1^st to 12^th of April, 2019. Students highly enjoyed and were satisfied with the whole 4-lessons in aspects such as understanding of the contents, adequacy of materials and activities, and usefulness in one's own daily life. Additionally, they have more actively participated in the lessons than usual and even interested in learning more of such lessons. Students also reported that they highly accomplished the goal of each lesson as well as overall objectives. They showed interest in the major part of PBL lesson such as scenario and group activities. And they engaged themselves in drawing the share housing space plan with '5D planner' web program which they described as the best part of the lessons. The teaching/learning process plan developed in this study may be used as a theme of maker education, which is emerging these days. It can be concluded that the PBL teaching/learning process plans for 'housing values and practical space use' would contribute to improving students' attitude on living with others and ability to manage one's individual life.