• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1978

To study the fluctuation of cold water in the East China Sea in summer heat budget of the Yellow Sea in winter was analysed based on the oceanographic and meteorological data compiled from 1951 to 1974. The maintain value of insolation was observed in December($160{\sim}190ly/day$), while the maximum in February ($250{\sim}260ly/day$). The range of the annual variation was found to be less than 50 ly/day. The value of the radiation term ($Q_s-Q_r-Q_h$) was remarkably small (mean 20 ly/day) in winter. It was negative value in December and January, and a positive value in February. The minimum total heat exchange from the sea ($Q_({h+c}$) was found value (471 ly/day) in February 1962, and the maximum (882 ly/day) in January 1963. The annual total heat exchange was minimum (588 ly/day) in 1962, and maximum (716 ly/day) in 1968. If the average deviation of mean water temperature at 50m depth layer were assumed to be the horizontal index ($C_h$) of colder water, $C_h$ is $C_h=\frac{{\Sigma}\limit_i\;A_i\;T_i}{{\Sigma}\limit_i\;A_i}$ where $A_i$ denotes the area of isothermal region and $T_i$ the value of deviation from mean sea water temperature. The vertical index ($C_v$) of cold water can be expressed similarly. Consequently the total index (C) of cold water equals to the sum of the two components, i.e. $C=C_h$＋$C_v$. Taking the deviation of mean sea surface temperature(T'w) in the third ten-day of Novembers in the Yellow Sea as the value of the initial condition, the following expressions are deduced : $C－T'w＝32.06 - 0.049$ $\;Q_T$ $C_h-T'w/2=12.20-0.019\;Q_T$ $C_v-T'w/2＝18.07-0.027\;Q_T$ where $Q_T$ denotes the total heat exchange of the sea. The correlation coefficients of these regression equations were found to be greater than 0.9. Heat budget was 588 ly/day in winter, and minimum water temperature of cold water was $18^{\circ}C$ in summer of 1962. The isotherm of $23^{\circ}C$ extended narrowly to southward up to $29^{\circ}N$ in summer. However, heat budget was 716 ly/day, and minimum water temperature of cold water was $12^{\circ}C$ in summer of 1968. The isotherm of $23^{\circ}C$ extended widely to southward up to $28^{\circ}30'N$ in summer. As a result of the present study, it may be concluded that the fluctuation of cold water of the East China Sea in summer can be predicted by the calculation of heat budget of the Yellow Sea in winter.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.1097-1102
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• 2008

Paraoxonase-1 (PON1), like lipoprotein lipase (LPL), plays a key role in the metabolism and physiology of mammalian growth. The objectives of this study were to estimate the allele and genotype frequencies at the PON1/EcoRV and PON1/AluI loci in three genetic groups of beef cattle and to determine associations between these polymorphisms and growth and carcass traits. Genotyping was performed on 30 Angus, 32 Hereford and 26 Simmental. The association analysis was carried out using the GLM procedure of SAS 9.1 and the least squares means of the genotypes were compared by the Tukey's test. Animals with AG genotype at the PON1/EcoRV locus had higher weight at the time of entry into the fattening corrals ($329.97{\pm}6.08kg$) and close to the time of slaughter ($577.56{\pm}8.32kg$) and net meat weight ($275.89{\pm}4.05kg$) and fitted tenderness ($3.10{\pm}0.19kg$) (p<0.05). Animals with AA genotype at the PON1/AluI locus had higher weight at the time of entry ($333.37{\pm}8.93kg$) and slaughter ($576.82{\pm}13.18kg$) and net meat weight ($275.49{\pm}6.43kg$) and average daily gain ($0.68{\pm}0.02kg/d$) (p<0.05). The meat color score was also significantly higher (p<0.05). Between genotypes and breeds, there were significant differences observed except for TBW, REMG, MBS, REA and MCS. As a metabolism gene, genotypes of the SNPs of PON1 gene might be reflecting BFT directly, such as $A_eA_eG_aG_a$ genotype in this experiment.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.165-171
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• 1993

The effects of the iron ions for the light-induced mitochondrial $F_0F_1-ATPase$ of Lentinus edodes was studied. The enzyme activity was stimulated up to 202% by 0.1 mM $Fe^{2-}$ ion, but was inhibited by $Fe^{3+}\;and\;Mg^{2+}$. In the presence of 0.5 mM $Mg^{2+}$, the activity also increased 32% by 0.1 mM $Fe^{2+}$ ion, and decreased to a similar extent by $Fe^{3+}$ ion than by only $Fe^{3+}$ ion. Also, the activity was inhibited 53% by 5.0 mM $Fe^{2-}$ ion in the presence of 0.5 mM $Mg^{2+}$ ion and various concentration of $Fe^{3+}$ ion(mM). These results showed that $Fe^{2+}$ strongly stimulated the enzyme activity and its role for the enzyme was independent of $Mg^{2+}$ ion, but was dependent of $Fe^{3+}$ ion. From inactivation of the enzyme by addition of metal chelating agent, EDTA, it is suggested that the enzyme is to be metalloenzyme. The optimal pH and temperature of the enzyme in the presence of 0.1 mM $Fe^{2+}$ was 7.6 and $63^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.1003-1008
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• 2012

One hundred and twenty weanling pigs in experiment 1 (Exp. 1) ($6.91{\pm}0.99kg$; 21 d of age) and Exp. 2 ($10.20{\pm}1.09kg$; 28 d of age) were used in two 42-d and 35-d experiments to evaluate the effect of medium-chain-triglyceride (MCT) on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and blood profile. In both of Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, the same dietary treatments were utilized as follows : i) negative control (NC), ii) positive control (PC), NC+antibiotics (40 mg/kg Tiamulin, 110 mg/kg Tylosin, and 10 mg/kg Enramycin, iii) MCT3, NC+0.32% (phase 1, 2 and 3) MCT, and iv) MCT5, NC+0.55% (phase 1), 0.32% (phase 2 and 3) MCT. In Exp. 1, the pigs fed MCT5 diets had higher (p<0.05) ADG compared to NC treatment during the first 2 wk. From d 15 to 28, the ATTD of energy was improved (p<0.05) by MCT3 compared to the PC treatment. No effect has been observed on the blood profiles [red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), immunoglobulin-G (IgG), lymphocyte concentration] measured in this study. In Exp. 2, the ADG were increased (p<0.05) by the MCT5 treatment than the PC treatment from d 0 to 14. Pigs fed PC treatment diet had lower ADFI (p<0.05) and better FCR (p<0.05) than NC treatment, whereas no differences were shown between MCT treatments and NC or PC treatment from d 15 to 35 and overall phase. The ATTD of DM and nitrogen were improved (p<0.05) by the effect of MCT5 related to the NC and PC treatment at the end of 2nd and 5th wk. The pigs fed MCT3 had higher (p<0.05) energy digestibility than PC treatment. No effects were seen in the blood profiles we measured (WBC, RBC, lymphocyte and immunoglobulin-G). In conclusion, the addition of MCT in the weanling pigs diet can improve the ADG and digestibility during the earlier period (first 2 wks), but had little effect on the blood characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.120-126
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• 2004

Kenaf plants were hydroponically grown in reactor containing toxic metals as Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn to examine the ability to take up heavy metal. The plants were fertilized using a nutrient solution, which was appropriately adjusted to optimum pH, DO and conductivity. For n hydraulic retention time of 8 days, Cr, Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn were removed up to 90.5, 80.5, 66.1%, 71.1% and 79.4%, and reduced from 2.34 to 0.54 mg $L^{-1}$, 3.37 to 1.07 mg $L^{-1}$, 4.92 to 3.19 mg $L^{-1}$, 6.31 to 4.41 mg $L^{-1}$ and 6.27 to 2.09 mg $L^{-1}$. Especially, accumulation rate of Cr, Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn in the plant were measured up to 347.32, 275.39, 157.52, 50.48 and 211.01 mg DW kg $L^{-1}d^{-1}$, respectively. We considered that Kenaf plants removed Cr, Cd and Zn more effectively than other toxic metals applied.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.386-393
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• 2011

Three trials were conducted to determine the available energy of different wheat screening varieties collected from different locations of Khorasan in Iran. In experiment 1, chemical composition and the nitrogen corrected true metabolisable energy (TMEn) were evaluated. A precision-fed rooster assay was used, in which, each wheat screening sample was tube fed to adult roosters, and the excreta were collected for 48-h. In Exp. 2 and 3, five and two wheat screening verities-based diets with or without xylanase and phytase were fed to 16-day old battery reared chicks respectively, and total feed consumption and excreta were measured during next three days. The variable nature of wheat screening varieties led to significant differences in mean TMEn values (p<0.01). The TMEn values of samples determined with adult roosters varied by ${\pm}5.03%$ of the mean value ($3,097.65{\pm}49.32\;kcal/kg$) and ranged from 2,734.90 to 3,245.12 kcal/kg. There was a significant correlation (p<0.05) between crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) with TMEn, and the greatest correlation coefficient was observed between NDF and TMEn (r = -0.947; p<0.001). The optimal equation in terms of $R^2$ from using a single chemical analysis was obtained with NDF: TMEn = 4,152.09-27.80 NDF ($R^2$ = 0.90, p<0.0001), and the TME prediction equation was improved by the addition of the crude protein (CP) and ASH content to sequential analysis: TMEn = 3,656.97-28.65 NDF+32.54 CP+38.70 ASH ($R^2$ = 0.98, p<0.0001). The average AMEn values of 5 and 2 wheat screening varieties determined with young broiler chickens were $2,968.41{\pm}25.70\;kcal/kg$ and $2,976.38{\pm}8.34\;kcal/kg$ in Exp. 2 and Exp. 3, respectively. Addition of xylanase and phytase to wheat screenings resulted in significant (p<0.01) improvement in AMEn by 4.21 and 2.92%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the activation condition of freshly matured bovine IVM oocytes for use as a cytoplasmic recipient in nuclear transfer. Bovine oocytes matured in vitro for 22-24 h were treated with various activation conditions. In Experiment 1 in vitro matured oocytes were treated with electric stimuIus (ES; 2 pulses of 1.25 kV/cm for 70 ${\mu}{\textrm{s}}$ec, each pulse 1 sec apart), ethanol (ET; 7%, 5min) , Ca$^2+$-ionophore(A23187; 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, 5min) and cycloheximide(CH; 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, 6 h). Activation rates were similar in treatments with ES, ET and A23187(48.8~54.3%), however, significantly reduced with CH treatment(15.9%, P

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.183-190
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• 2006

These studies were conducted to monitor developmental competence of follicular oocytes collected from the carcass of the high meat quality in Korean native cattle using each individual protocol of IVM, IVF and IVC. The follicular oocytes that were collected from the ovaries of the cow yielded 1, $1^+\;and\;1^{++}$ meat quality were matured, fertilized and cultured using each individual protocol of IVM, IVF and IVC. As results, the number of follicular oocytes collected from individual fundamentally-registered cows yielded 1, $1^+\;and\;1^{++}$ meat grade were 28.9, 28.8 and 29.6 per head, respectively. The rates of blastocyst formation after IVM, IVF and IVC were 27.2, 28.7 and 32.9% in the cows yielded 1, $1^+\;and\;1^{++}$ meat quality, respectively. The rate of blastocyst formation was 8.4 per head. The number of follicular oocytes collected from pedigree registered cows yielded 1, $1^+\;and\;1^{++}$ meat quality were 25.8, 27.1 and 27.0 per head, respectively. The rates of blastocyst formation were 23.0, 33.7 and 42.6% in the meat quality of 1, $1^+\;and\;1^{++}$ after in vitro-manipulation, respectively (p<0.05). The rate of blastocyst formation was 8.5 per head. In conclusion, these results suggest that in vitro embryo production system using individual culture system including IVM, IVF and IVC can make good use of the gene from the carcass of the high meat quality in Korean native cattle.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2013

To investigate the distribution of psychrotrophic bacteria, raw milk was collected from farms in nine different regions located around Kyunggi province in South Korea at four different seasons. Psychrotrophic counts were higher in winter than in other seasons as $3.0{\times}10^4$ CFU/mL (p<0.05). Among nine regions, the population in raw milk sampled from B region was in significantly greater numbers and those from C and D province were in significantly lower numbers than any other regions, $2.4{\times}10^5$ CFU/mL and $8.7{\times}10^3$ CFU/mL, respectively (p<0.05). In addition, among 706 bacterial isolates, the predominant class was Gamma-proteobacteria (81.02%) and genus was Pseudomonas (32.34%), especially Pseudomonas fluorescens (39.46%). Compared to the regional predominance, Acinetobacter johnsonii in A region, Pseudomonas fluorescens in B region, Enterobacter amnigenus in C region, Psychrobacter maritimus in D region, Acinetobacter johnsonii in E region, Acinetobacter haemolyticus in F region, Pseudomonas fluorescens in G region, Acinetobacter jounsonii in H region, and Pseudomonas mucidolens in I region were found.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.66-74
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• 2005

This study investigated to distribute of Lepidoptera on the forest stands of central Ganwon area from July to August in 2004. Collected species in the study area were 570 individuals, 162 speices, 14 family. The number of collected species was 149 didivisuals, 69 species, 12 family in the Hangyeri and 58 individuals 22 speices 6 family in the Jinburi. Dominant species were Dendrolimus superans 40 individuals, Ampelophaga rubiginosa 32 individuals, Dolbina exacta 27 individuals, Oberthueria caeca 26 individuals, Dudusa sphigiformis 23 individuals. Shannon species diversity index(H') and Evenness index(J') were 1.34, 0.86 in the Bongmyeungri, 1.48, 0.89 in the Garniungri, 1.77, 0.94 in the Hangyeri. 1.53, 0.93 in the Youngdaeri, 1.56, 0.94 Guidunri, 1.15, 0.83 in the Jinburi, respectively. Community similarity index(QS) showed the lowest value in the Jinburi and Guidunri as 0.11, the highest value in the Youngdaeri and Hyngyeri as 0.38.