• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2004

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) is a very acute systemic disease in poultry, particularly in chickens and turkeys caused by HPAI viruses. An outbreak of HPAI caused by subtype H5N1, was first reported in a broiler breeder farm on December 10, 2003 in Korea, although there had been twenty one outbreaks of the disease reported in the world before. Since mid-December 2003, eight Asian countries have confirmed outbreaks of HPAI due to the same subtype. The outbreak has also resulted in at least twenty three fatal human cases in Vietnam and Thailand as of May 17, 2004 according to the WHO. Regarding the first outbreak of recent Asian HPAI, it has been suspected that some Asian countries with the exception of Korea and Japan veiled the fact of HPAI outbreaks since the last half of 2003, even though it was first reported in Korea. There have been total nineteen outbreaks of HPAI among chicken and duck farms in 10 provinces in Korea since Dec. 2003 and approximately 5,280,000 birds were slaughtered from 392 farms for eradication of the disease and preemptive culling. The origin of the H5Nl HPAI virus introduced into the country are unknown and still under epidemiological investigation. Current status of outbreaks and characteristics of HPAI will be reviewed and discussed on the basis of genetic, virological, clinicopathological, and ecological aspect, as well as future measures for surveillance and prevention of the disease in Korea.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.171-184
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• 1993

In Seoul area, there are so many kennel clubs, veterinary hospital, pet establishment and breeding confers that various problems have occurred. They are crowed pet houses, poor sanitation, stress to puppies, sudden environmental changes to puppies and unvaccination against parvovirus, canine distemper virus, parainfluenza virus, infectious hepatitis caused by Adenovirus type I and Leptospira. Several studies were made to survey the infectious agents involved in acute diarrhea of poppies in Seoul are, such as history taking, physical examination, complete blood count and serum chemistry, histopathological finding, bacterial isolation and identification, and hemagglutination test in feces and hemagglutination inhibition test in serum against parvovirus, respectively. The results obtained are summarized as followed. 1. The percent of PCV (30.5$\pm$5.6) and concentration of Total protein(5.0$\pm$0.8) resulted from statistical analysis are significantly lower than normal values (p<0.05), respectively. In addition, fibrinogen (505$\pm$326) was significantly higher an normal value (p<0.001), Band neutrophil (22.9$\pm$12.7) showed signifiant difference (P<0.01). decreased monocyte (3.2$\pm$2.1) and eosinophil (0.7$\pm$0.8) values appeared statistically significant (p<0.001), lymphocyte (16.7$\pm$9), as well. 2. The concentrations of calcium .(8.0$\pm$2.8), glucose (40.1$\pm$31.4), and albumin (2.0$\pm$0.39) were lower than normal values (p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.001), respectively. Also Inorganic phosphate (7.1$\pm$2.4), pH (p<7.9f:0.2), and Blood Urea Nitrogen (40.41=37.1) were significantly higher than normal values (p<0.001, p(0.001, p<0.05), respectively. 3. Simple and mixed infections occupied 18% and 82% in the distribution of causes in puppies with acute diarrhea, respectively. 4. As puppies got older, incidence of acute diarrhea caused by Staphylococcus aureus was decreased to 13% and infection of canine distemper virus was increased to 53%, but E coli and canine parvovirus always showed high frequency of outbreak in the body weight ranged from 35g to 7.8Kg. 5. As showed in table 5, infections of E coli and Canine Parvovirus showed high outbreak regardless of the age which is classified into three stages, 35~50 day, 60 day and 75~day to 1 year, canine distemper virus appeared increased, but in case of Staphylococcus aureus, visa versa. 6. In comparison wi methods for the laboratory diagnosis diagnosis parvovirus, Hemagglutination test showed positive reaction in 25% and mean serum antibody titer measured by Hemagglutination inhibition test showed 2779 (n=20). In addition, positive reaction was 90% (18/20). 7. In histopathological studies, enteritic and pneumonic lesions were indicated in 53.7% and 39.5% of samples, respectively. 8. Etiologic diagnosis based on the history taking, clinical signs and histopathological findings in puppies with acute diarrhea and vomiting indicated that 50% of puppies were infected by canine parvovirus and distemper virus. 9. In the parasitological examination made by simple flotation with saturated zinc sulfate tour parasites found were Isospora canis, Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma spp and Toxocara spp. Isospora canis and Toxocara canis were more frequently found among those parasites of diarrhoeic causes in puppies ranged from 35 days to 1 year. Their infestation rates were 15% and 13% respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.280-287
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• 2015

Current influenza vaccines are produced in embryonated chicken eggs. However, egg-based vaccines have various problems. To address these problems, recombinant protein vaccines have been developed as new vaccine candidates. Unfortunately, recombinant proteins frequently encounter aggregation and low stability during their biogenesis. It has been previously demonstrated that recombinantly expressed proteins can be greatly stabilized with high solubility by fusing stabilizing peptide (SP) derived from the C-terminal acidic tail of human synuclein (ATS). To investigate whether SP fusion proteins can induce protective immunity in mice, we produced influenza HA and SP fusion protein using a baculovirus expression system. In in vitro tests, SP-fused recombinant HA1 (SP-rHA1) was shown to be more stable than recombinant HA1 (rHA1). Mice were immunized intramuscularly with baculovirus-expressed rHA1 protein or SP-rHA1 protein ($2{\mu}g/mouse$) formulated with aluminum hydroxide. Antibody responses were determined by ELISA and hemagglutination inhibition assay. We observed that SP-rHA1 immunization elicited HA-specific antibody responses that were comparable to rHA1 immunization. These results indicate that fusion of SP to rHA1 does not negatively affect the immunogenicity of the vaccine candidate. Therefore, it is possible to apply SP fusion technology to develop stable recombinant protein vaccines with high solubility.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.229-235
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• 2020

Avian influenza virus infection, one of the most important diseases recognized in the poultry industry, is known to cause changes in cytokine and serum protein levels. However, the normal ranges and/or age-dependent changes in important cytokines and serum proteins associated with influenza infection have not been fully elucidated. In this study, the levels of cytokines (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and interferon-γ) and serum proteins (vitamin D binding protein and ovotransferrin) were determined in 1-week- to 4-week-old broilers at 1-week intervals after challenge with a low pathogenic influenza virus. The results showed that the physiological levels of cytokines and serum proteins varied with aging during the 4 weeks. The levels of interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 increased from 20% to 35% after influenza infection compared to those in the negative control group, indicating that these cytokines may be used to monitor disease progression.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.253-257
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• 2007

Fayoumi chicks were vaccinated with fowl pox virus vaccine and pigeon pox virus vaccine. The protective potentiality of the two vaccines was compared in field condition in Bangladesh. The percentage of 'take reaction' was assessed to conclude its relationship with better immune response and recorded 93.33% and 100% in birds of group B and group C, respectively. The mean passive hemagglutination (PHA) antibody titre after primary vaccination was $32{\pm}14.81$ in group B and $33{\pm}13.66$ in group C. Following booster vaccination, the mean PHA titres level at pre challenge of group B was $46.93{\pm}16.52\;and\;55.46{\pm}14.64$ in group C. The PHA titre of group B and C at two weeks post challenge recorded $93.86{\pm}33.04\;and\;110.93{\pm}29.29$, respectively. PHA titre significantly (P<0.01) increased after vaccination and post challenge compared to pre- vaccination titre. There was significant variation (p<0.01) of PHA titre at pre challenge in these groups using different vaccine combinations, but all the vaccinated birds resisted challenge infection.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.32
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• pp.5-24
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• 2011

Neunghwaji(Embossed patterned paper) is a unique paper used for a traditional book cover in Korea. The research was carried out to investigate Neunghwaji's features. Physical property was studied through a test of tensile strength and folding endurance. Also, comparative analysis of virus resistance and waterproof ability was undertaken on Neunghwaji. 1. Folding endurance test showed that strength of non-embossed CB and HB decreased during deteriorating duration. Embossed CN and HN showed the strength increasing at early stage and decreasing from the 27th day of the deteriorating duration. Tensile strength was decreasing in both cases as deterioration progressed. 2. Growth of Arthrinium sp. fungus on embossed paper was 10% less than plain paper while Cladosporium sp. showed 20~30% less growth. Amur cork dyeing(H) showed 10~30% lower fungi growth than Gardenia seed dyeing(C). The result indicated that embossed paper has better virus resistance than Hanji, and Amur cork dyeing has better virus resistance than Gardenia seed dyeing. 3. Average contact angle of CN, CB, HN, and HB was $85{\sim}92^{\circ}$ and NON-N and NON-B was $59{\sim}63^{\circ}$. In detail, CN's contact angle was $1{\sim}7^{\circ}$ higher than CB's; HN was $1{\sim}6^{\circ}$ higher than HB. Therefore, it was found that embossed paper has higher contact angle than Hanji thus the former has better waterproof ability. The research suggested production technique of Neunghwaji and studied its features related to the technique. Neunghwaji was confirmed to have superior quality to Hanji though further study regarding above test result is needed to complement the research.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1098-1105
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• 2017

Vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein (VSV-G) has been widely used for pseudotyping retroviral, lentiviral, and artificial viral vectors. The objective of this study was to establish a potential approach for large-scale production of VSV-G. To this end, VSV-G was cloned with an N-terminal His-tag into Pichia pastoris expression vector pPIC3.5K. Three clones ($Mut^s$) containing the VSV-G expression cassette were identified by PCR. All clones proliferated normally in expansion medium, whereas the proliferation was reduced significantly under induction conditions. VSV-G protein was detected in cell lysates by western blot analysis, and the highest expression level was observed at 96 h post induction. VSV-G could also be obtained from the condition medium of yeast protoplasts. Furthermore, VSV-G could be incorporated into Ad293 cells and was able to induce cell fusion, leading to the transfer of cytoplasmic protein. Finally, VSV-G-mediated DNA transfection was assayed by flow cytometry and luciferase measurement. Incubation of VSV-G lysate with the pGL3-control DNA complex increased the luciferase activity in Ad293 and HeLa cells by about 3-fold. Likewise, incubation of VSV-G lysate with the pCMV-DsRed DNA complex improved the transfection efficiency into Ad293 by 10% and into HeLa cells by about 1-fold. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that VSV-G could be produced from P. pastoris with biofunctionalities, demonstrating that large-scale production of the viral glycoprotein is feasible.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.85-97
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• 2003

At the end of last January, 2003, a domestic top-level domain name server (DNS) shut down the server and it caused the wired and wireless internet services to be completely paralyzed in the aftermath of a virus attack incurring a various range of losses nationwide. The main reason of this event is the lack of our awareness of cyber security. In particular, in the small-scale network, there are few security administrators and no operating devices to protect information as well. Under this circumstance, using ESM center to service real-time security supervision and correspondence for network, it can be one option. However, due to the economic efficiency, most of security systems have been being developed focusing on the large-scale network first. Therefore, ESM centers which inspect security state of network concentrate on IDC or large-scale network services. This dissertation studies economical ESM service by designing exclusive SnSA for small-scale network for widespread use. Firstly, network invasion feeler function N_SnSA and host invasion feeler function H_SnSA are embodied to collect more informations in the small-scale network. Secondarily, the existing vulnerability is studied to find the solutions linked with a low cost to a Public center such as Kyonggi Univ ESM center.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.90-99
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• 1995

The effect of protein kinase C inhibitors, sturosporine and 1-(5-isoquinolinyl sulfonyl)-2-methyl piperazine(H7) on in vitro differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells which were isolated from spleens of mice infected with the anemia-inducing strain of Friend virus were examined. Erythropoietin-mediated differentitation of erythroid progenitor cells, as determined by the incorporation of $^{59}Fe$ into protoporphyrin, was inhibited by staurosporine and H7 in a concentration -dependent manner. Scatchard analysis of the $^3H-phorbol-12$, 13-dibutyrate binding to erythroid progenitor cells revealed that at the high affinity sites the dissociation constant was 22nM and the maximum number of $^3H-phorbol-12$, 13-dibutyrate binding to erythroid progenitor cells revealed that at the high affinity sites the dissociation constant was 22nM and the maximum number of $^3H-phorbol-12$, 13-dibutyrate binding sites per cell was approximately $3.7\times10^5$. Cytosonic protein kinase C was isolated from erthroid progenitor cells and then purified by sequential column chromatogrphy. Two isoforms of protein kinase C were found. Photoaffinity labeling of the purified protein kinase C samples with $^3H-phorbol-12$12-myristate 13-acetate followed by analysis of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and autofluorography showed radiolabeled 82-KDa pepticles. Rediolabeling of the 82-KDa peptides with $^3H-phorbol-12$myristate 13-acete was almost completely blocked by excess unlabeled phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate was almost 12-muristate 13-acetate-promoted phosphorylation with the puyrified protein kinase C samples showed that the phosphorylation of 82-KDa peptides was increased as the concentration of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate was increased from $10^{-8}M{\;}to{\;}10^{-4}$M. In light of the findings that erythroid progenitor cells possessed an abundance of protein kinase C and that stauroporine and H7 inhibited erythroid differentiation, it seemed likely that protein kinase C would play a role in the erythroid progenitor cell development.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.275-284
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• 2002

Background : Gemcitabine is a new anti-cancer agent for treating non-small cell lung cancer. Functioning as an antimetabolite, it induces anti-cancer effects by suppressing DNA synthesis after being incorporated into the DNA as a cytosine arabinoside analogue. When Gemcitabine is incorporated into the DNA, the p53 gene may be activated by induction of the DNA defect. However, there are a few studies on the molecular mechanisms of Gemcitabine-induced cell death. This study examined the role of p53 in Gemcitabine-induced cell death. Methods : A549 and NCl-H358 lung cancer cells were used in this study. The cell viability test was done using a MTT assay at Gemcitabine concentrations of 10nM, 100nM, 1uM, 10uM and 100uM. A FACScan analysis with propium iodide staining was used for the cell cycle analysis. Western blot analysis was done to investigate the extent of p53 activation. For the functional knock-out of p53, stable A549-E6 cells and H358-E6 cells were transfected pLXSN-16E6SD which is over expresses the human papilloma virus E6 protein that constantly degrades p53 protein. The functional knock out of p53 was confirmed by Western blot analysis after treatment with a DNA damaging agent, doxorubicine. Results : Gemcitabine exhibited cell toxicity in dose-dependent fashion. The cell cycle analysis resulted in an S phase arrest. Western blot analysis significant p53 activation in time-dependent manner. Gemcitabine-induced cytotoxicity was reduced by 20-30% in the A549-E6 cells and the 30-40% in H358-E6 cells when compared with the A549-neo and H358-neo control cells. Conclusion : Gemcitabine induces an S phase arrest, as expected for the anti-metabolite, and activates the p53 gene, Furthermore, p53 might play an important role in Gemcitabine-induced cell death. Further investigation into the molecular mechanisms on how Gemcitabine activates the p53 gene and its signaling pathway are recommended.