• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.129-135
• /
• 2019

A powder mixture of 70 wt% $Al_2O_3$ and 30 wt% hydroxyapatite (HA) is sintered at $1300^{\circ}C$ or $1350^{\circ}C$ for 2 h at normal pressure. An $MgF_2$-added composition to make HA into fluorapatite (FA) is also prepared for comparison. The samples without $MgF_2$ show ${\alpha}$ & ${\beta}$-tricalcium phosphates (TCPs) and $Al_2O_3$ phases with no HA at either of the sintering temperatures. In the case of $1,350^{\circ}C$, a $CaAl_4O_7$ phase is also found. Densification values are 69 and 78 %, and strengths are 156 and 104 MPa for 1,300 and $1,350^{\circ}C$, respectively. Because the decomposition of HA produces a $H_2O$ vapor, fewer large pores of $5-6{\mu}m$ form at $1,300^{\circ}C$. The $MgF_2$-added samples show FA and $Al_2O_3$ phases with no TCP. Densification values are 79 and 87 %, and strengths are 104 and 143 MPa for 1,300 and $1,350^{\circ}C$, respectively. No large pores are observed, and the grain size of FA ($1-2{\mu}m$) is bigger than that of TCP ($0.7{\mu}m{\geq}$) in the samples without $MgF_2$. The resulting $TCP/Al_2O_3$ and $FA/Al_2O_3$ composites fabricated in situ exhibit strengths 6-10 times higher than monolithic TCP and HA.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.129-143
• /
• 2022

Background: Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) has been widely used as an effective medical treatment for pain and for postoperative analgesia. However, improper dose errors in intravenous (IV) administration of narcotic analgesics from a PCA infusion pump can cause patient harm. Furthermore, opioid overdose is considered one of the highest risk factors for patients receiving pain medications. Therefore, accurate delivery of opioid analgesics is a critical function of PCA infusion pumps. Methods: We designed a microbalance method that consisted of a closed acrylic chamber containing a layer and an oil layer with an electronic balance. A commercially available infusion analyzer (IDA-5, Fluke Co., Everett, WA, USA) was used to measure the accuracy of the infusion flow rate from a commercially available smart PCA infusion pump (PS-1000, UNIMEDICS, Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea) and compared with the results of the microbalance method. We evaluated the uncertainty of the flow rate measurement using the ISO guide (GUM:1995 part3). The battery life, delay time of the occlusion alarm, and bolus function of the PCA pump were also tested. Results: The microbalance method was good in the short-term 2 h measurement, and IDA-5 was good in the long-term 24 h measurement. The two measurement systems can complement each other in the case of the measurement time. Regarding battery performance, PS-1000 lasted approximately 5 days in a 1 ml/hr flow rate condition without recharging the battery. The occlusion pressure alarm delays of PS-1000 satisfied the conventional alarm threshold of occlusion pressure (300-800 mmHg). Average accuracy bolus volume was measured as 63%, 95%, and 98.5% with 0.1 ml, 1 ml, and 2 ml bolus volume presets, respectively. A 1 ml/hr flow rate measurement was evaluated as 2.08% of expanded uncertainty, with a 95% confidence level. Conclusion: PS-1000 showed a flow accuracy to be within the infusion pump standard, which is ± 5% of flow accuracy. Occlusion alarm of PS-1000 was quickly transmitted, resulting in better safety for patients receiving IV infusion of opioids. PS-1000 is sufficient for a portable smart PCA infusion pump.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.503-510
• /
• 2010

Different amounts of black garlic extract(0, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12%(W/W)) were added to white pan bread, and the quality characteristics were evaluated. The pH and density of dough was decreased with increasing concentration of black garlic extract. There was no marked difference in the fermentation power of the dough expansion among the samples. The pH of bread decreased, and there were no significant differences in baking loss rate, dough yield or bread specific volume as the concentration of black garlic extract was increased. Regarding crust and crumb color values, lightness gradually diminished with increased amounts of black garlic extract in bread, whereas redness and yellowness increased. For measurement of texture, the highest hardness and gumminess of bread were observed in the 1% added group, and there was no remarkable difference between the 3% added group and control. Sensory evolution was the highest when 6% black garlic extract was added, but there were no significant differences in terms of color or overall acceptability. The results imply that addition of black garlic extract to white pan bread created a healthy and functional bread.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.151-156
• /
• 2007

The Function of the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) is to control calcium levels by altering PTH (parathyroid hormone) secretion and renal calcium resorption. The influence of calcium on the basal and stimulated release of several hormones from chicken pituitary glands has been determined in vitro. The objective of this study was to identify SNP in chicken CaSR gene and to investigate the effect of the SNP on economic traits. The sequencing analysis method was used to identify nucleotide polymorphisms within chicken CaSR gene. This study identified SNP at position 1949 bp(Genebank accession No : XM_416491) in the exon 1. The SNP changed the amino acid to alanine(GCC) from serine(TCC). This SNP showed three genotypes, AA, AS and SS by digestion with the restriction enzyme NcoⅠ using the PCR-RFLP method. The A963S showed significant effect only on the first lay day (P<0.05) in Leghorn population. Leghorn with the genotype AA had significantly faster the first lay day(137.6) than the genotype AS(143.0, P<0.05). Also, the A963S showed significant effect only on the first lay day(P<0.05) and mean of egg weight(P<0.05) in KNC population. KNC with the genotypes AA ans AS had significantly faster the first lay day (151.0 and 152.6, respectively) than the genotype SS(159.4, P<0.05). And the genotypes SS had significantly heavier the mean of egg weight(50.4 kg, P<0.05) than the genotype AA ans AS (47.5 and 47.8 kg, respectively). According to result of this study, an a allele of the A963S was found to have a significant effect on the first lay day. It will be possible to use this SNP marker on selecting chicken to improve the first lay day.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.143-150
• /
• 2011

This study was performed to investigate the effects of harvest stage of sorghum ${\times}$ sorghum hybrid (SSH) on nutritive values and quality of round baled SSH silage manufactured with SSH grown in paddy land of Department of Animal Resources Development, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA. SSH "SS405" was harvested at two different growth stages (heading and ripen stage) and ensiled at each harvest stages. Crude protein content of round baled SSH silage increased with delayed harvest maturity, but contents of ADF (acid detergent fiber), NDF (neutral detergent fiber), TDN (total digestible nutrient) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was not changed. The pH in round baled SSH silage ranged from 3.8 to 4.4 at two different harvest stages, and pH in heading stage was higher than that of ripen stage. The content of lactic acid of round baled SSH silage increased with delayed harvest maturity (P<0.05), but the content of acetic acid decreased (P<0.05). The contents of lactic acid and acetic acid in ripen stage were not influenced by manufacture method of silage. The content of acetic acid in round baled SSH silage of heading stage increased as compared to that of trench SSH silage (P<0.05). Therefore, this study suggest that round baled SSH silage manufactured in both heading and ripen stage can improve the silage fermentation.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.143-149
• /
• 2005

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of pH monitoring at two levels, hypopharynx and esophagus in gastroesophageal reflux. Methods: 29 patients with pathological gastroesophageal reflux were classified into two groups: Group I had recurrent respiratory symptoms and Group II had not recurrent respiratory symptoms. The ambulatory pH monitoring was performed at the hypopharynx and the esophagus simultaneously with two channel catheter for 18~24 hr. The pathological reflux was defined when the percent of time that pH was below 4.0 exceeding the 95th percentile of normal value. Hypopharyngeal reflux was defined as the pharyngeal pH drops below 4. Results: 39 patients were performed pH monitoring at the level of hypopharynx and esophagus for 24 hours. Among 7 patients with chronic respiratory symptom, 6 patients (85.7%) have pathological esophageal reflux. Among 32 patients without chronic respiratory symptom, 23 patients (71.8%) have pathological esophageal reflux. Thus 29 out of 39 patients (74%) have pathological esophageal reflux. In the Group I, all parameters except the longest episode showed significant differences between hypopharyngeal and esophageal pH monitoring. None of parameters showed significant differences between group I and II in the pharyngeal pH monitoring. Conclusion: Regardless of presence of respiratory symptoms, the pH monitoring at the pharyngeal level in patients with gastroesophageal reflux did not showed any differences compared with the esophageal pH monitoring. Therefore we may reconsider the usefulness of hypopharyngeal pH monitoring in patients with chronic respiratory symptoms.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.143-147
• /
• 1994

Four samples of commercially manufactured yogurts (plain, drinking type) were purchased and evaluated their physico-chemical properties, buffering capacity. And the survival rate of lactic acid bacteria and their ${\beta}-galactosidase$ activity under the acidic conditions (in vitro) were investigated. The values of pH, titratable acidity, viscosity and viable cell counts of yogurts were $3.71{\sim}4.08$, $0.990{\sim}1.045%$, $256{\sim}3164\;cps.$ and $10^8{\sim}10^9\;cfu/ml$, respectively. The volume of 1.0 M-HCl required to reduce the pH of yogurt (50 ml) to minus 2 value was $3.58{\sim}4.33\;ml$. When commercial yogurts were incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ for 120 minutes under the acidic conditions (pH 3.5, 2.5, 1.5), the survival rates of lactic acid bacteria in yogurt were $3.5{\times}10^{-2}{\sim}3.6{\times}10^{-1}%$ at pH 2.5, $8.3{\times}10^{-5}{\sim}4.2{\times}10^{-3}%$ at pH 1.5, respectively, but there was no significant difference at pH 3.5. The remaining activities of ${\beta}-galactosidase$ were $9.4{\sim}36.2%$ at pH 2.5, $4.2{\sim}19.0%$ at pH 1.5, respectively. These results suggested that a significant number of lactic acid bacteria in yogurt might be destroyed in the hostile environment of the stomach, but ${\beta}-galactosidase$ activity from yogurt might be somewhat maintained probably due to the protecting effect by its cell wall and membrane.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.143-147
• /
• 1999

The present paper describes the solvent extraction behaviors and the mutual separation of Am and Eu by sulphur bearing Cyanex 301 acidic extractant in sodium nitrate solutions. Original Cyanex 301 was not able to separate the Am and Eu because of their similar extraction behaviors. The saponification of commercial Cyanex 301 was performed by small amounts of 8 M NaOH solutions and saponified Cyanex 301 was able to separate of Am from Eu with high selectivity in sodium nitrate aqueous solution. The separation factors ($SF_{Am/Eu}$) were increased with saponified ratio of commercial Cyanex 301, pH of sodium nitrate solution and initial concentration of Eu. To obtain the homogeneous saponified Cyanex 301, heterogeneous saponified Cyanex 301 was treated with addition of octyl alcohol or filtration. The observed $SF_{Am/Eu}$ was 32.3 for the former and 930 for the latter. Finally, the stripping behaviors of Am and Eu were similar and stripping yields showed 96.1% for the 1 M $NaNO_3$(pH=1.3) and 99% for the mixture solution of 0.05 M DTPA and 1.5 M lactic acid.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.143-148
• /
• 1985

Water hyacinth, unused and tropical plant was examined in order to know the feasibility of application for purification of municipal drainage and industrial wastewater. This plant was effective to remove the COD from wastewater, although its removal ability was dependent on the organic sources. The effects of pH, NaCl concentration, water temperature and shading condition on the growth of water hyacinth were investigated. The optimum ranges of pH were weak acid- neutral, of water temperature were 17-$21^{\circ}C$, and unshading condition was better. The rapid propagation of this plant was also observed during hot summer season.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
• /
• 2001.04a
• /
• pp.107-110
• /
• 2001

제철소에서 매년 대량 발생되어 주로 매립처분되고 있는 제강분진의 재활용 방안으로서, 폐수처리분야에 널리 사용되고 있는 펜톤산화공정의 반응촉매원인 Fe 공급원으로서 제강분 진의 활용 가능성에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구에서는 포항제철소에서 제철부산물로 발생되는 제강분진을 전처리 없이 산화촉매로 사용하여 김포 수도권 매립지의 침출수 처리 공정에서 펜톤산화조에 유입되는 원수를 대상으로 과산화수소에 의한 산화처리 실험을 수행하였다. 반응은 회분식으로 수행하였으며, 일반적으로 알려진 펜톤산화반응의 주요 반응조 건인 운전 pH, 과산화수소 주입량 및 분할주입, 제강분진의 주입량 등의 변화에 따른 각 조 건별 시간에 따른 반응결과를 알아보았다. 또한 기존의 Fe 공급원으로 사용되고 있는 FeSO$_4$와 처리성능 및 적용조건에 대한 비교 실험도 수행하였다. 침출수 수질변화는 TOC (Total Organic Carbon) analyzer를 사용하여 측정한 TOC값으로 나타냈으며, pH controller 와 정량펌프를 사용하여 HCl과 NaOH주입을 통해 반응기간동안 일정 pH를 유지하였다. 본 연구결과, 최적 pH 조건인 4에서 최대 75% TOC 제거율을 나타내었으며, 대부분의 반응은 30분 이내에 이루어졌다. 주어진 실험조건에서 FeSO$_4$와 비교하여 반응속도와 처리효율에서 향상된 결과를 나타내었으며 반응 후 응집침전실험에서도 보다 높은 처리효과를 얻을 수 있었다. 결론적으로, 과산화수소/제강분진 시스템을 이용한 화학적 산화처리방법은 경제성과 처리성능에서 기존의 펜톤산화공정의 대체방안으로서 향 후 적용가능성이 높을 것으로 기대된다.g, 200 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg의 순서로 함량이 점차 감소하는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 가자 메탄올추출물은 PQ 유도독성을 신장 및 폐조직에서 효과적으로 경감시키는 것으로 나타났다.ted retailers ("sellers") must accept end-of-life items returned to them by the consumers. At the local level, Taipei City implements a pay-as-you-throw program, whereby citizens pay waste collection and treatment fees through the purchase of special trash bags approved by the Taipei City Government. However. recyclables that are separated by citizens are collected free-of-charge by the City. Taichung City and Kaohsiung City, on the other hand, enforce mandatory sorting schemes, whereby citizens face penalties if they don't separate recyclables from the trash before pick-up. These programs have resulted in a significant reduction in municipal waste. Per capita waste collected per day has dropped from 1.143