• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1008-1016
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• 2013

SAR measurement which was applied only to the mobile phone has been expanded in the Korean radio regulation law to the portable wireless communication equipments within 20 cm from the human body since Jan. 2012. The two-way radio operating at 150 MHz frequency band was newly included following the revised radio regulation in the target equipment of measurement. SAR measurement system at 150 MHz satisfying this regulation is necessary accordingly for SAR conformity assessment. The international SAR measurement standard(IEC 62209-2) includes the evaluation method on frequencies above 300 MHz, and the commercial SAR measurement system can measure SAR above 300 MHz only. The size of the reference dipole antenna(760 mm, return loss: -27.57 dB) and flat phantom ($1,300 mm(L){\times}900 mm(W){\times}200 mm(H)$), targeted SAR values for numerical analysis(1 g: 1.08 W/kg, 10 g: 0.77 W/kg) for SAR validation evaluation at 150 MHz frequency are proposed in this paper. The suggested dipole antenna and flat phantom are assembled and used to verify the conformity assessment of commercial SAR measurement system. The measured SAR values of 1 g and 10 g were obtained respectively to be 1.13 W/kg, 0.81 W/kg, and they satisfied the effective range(within ${\pm}10$ %) of IEC international standard. The standards based on this study are expected to be used for the domestic SAR measurement standard and IEC(International Electrotechnical Commission) international standard.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.272-277
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• 2016

Background One-per-mil tumescent solution, which contains 0.2% lidocaine with 1:1,000,000 epinephrine, has been reported to be clinically effective for hand surgery under local anesthesia. However, it was lacking in its basic pharmacokinetics profile in regard to the onset of action (OOA) and duration of action (DOA). Methods A randomized, double-blind study was conducted on 12 volunteers who met the inclusion criteria from October to November 2014. All volunteers had their right and left ring finger pulps injected with either one-per-mil solution or 2% lidocaine. Semmes-Weinstein and two-point discrimination tests were used to test sensation. Visual analogue scale was recorded at the time when the finger lost its sensation and when it regained normal sensation to measure the OOA and DOA. The data were then analyzed with a paired t-test and a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results The OOA and DOA of 2% plain lidocaine were 1 minute and 99.67 minutes, respectively. Meanwhile, 0.2% lidocaine in a one-per-mil tumescent solution showed an OOA of 5 minutes and a DOA of 186.83 minutes. The OOA of 0.2% lidocaine in a one-per-mil tumescent solution is statistically shorter than 2% plain lidocaine (P=0.04); while its DOA is statistically longer than 2% plain lidocaine (P<0.001). Conclusions The 0.2% lidocaine in a one-per-mil tumescent solution is statistically and clinically superior to 2% plain lidocaine in achieving longer duration of local anesthesia.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.98-104
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• 2013

The ERETIC (Electronic REference To access In vivo Concentrations)2 method is a new qNMR experimental technique to measure analytes based on the signal of the reference compound without additional hardware equipment. In this study, ERETIC2 method was validated, and we sought to identify whether it would be possible to apply this method to a specific compound analysis of metabolites in plant. The $90^{\circ}$ pulse value (P1) and spin-lattice relaxation time ($T_1$) of each compound were measured for ERETIC2. The $9^1H$ of 3-(trimethylsilyl) propionic-2,2,3,3-$d_4$ acid (TSP) was used as a reference peak for ERETIC 2, and then, a suitable solvent and pulse sequence for each compound were selected. Under the NOESY-presat sequence, the relative accuracy error for quantitative analyses of primary metabolites was within the range of 5%, with the exception of glucose, which showed ${\geq}$ 55% error due to saturation. It showed excellent results for the quantification of glucose by using a $30^{\circ}$ pulse sequence, which did not suppress the water peak. In addition, the quantitative accuracy for secondary metabolites was extremely accurate, with an error ${\leq}$5% when considering the purity of the standard sample. The ERETIC2 method showed outstanding linearity, precision, and accuracy.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.425-431
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• 1997

To examine components of Ganoderma lucidum for anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity, the aqueous extracts of its basidiocarps were separated into high-molecular-weight (HMF) and low-molecular-weight (LMF) fractions. These fractions were used in XTT [2,3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide] antiviral assay which can quantitatively measure cytopathic effects of HIV-1 on CEM, human T lymphoblastoid cell line. The CEM cell line added with serial diluted HMF or LMF was cultured in the absence or presence of HIV-1. The results showed that the LMF of the aqueous extract strongly inhibited cytopathic effect of the target cell induced by HIV-1. When two-fold serially diluted LMF ranging from $40.97{\mu}g/ml$4 to 125.00 .mu.g/ml was added to the virus-free culture system, no toxicity on the target cells was detected in all the concentrations tested. However, when it was added to the HIV-infected culture system, the viabilities of the target cell reached a plateau recovering its viabilities to 71.7% and 82.5% in experiment-1 and -2 at 15.60 .mu.g/ml, respectively. The cell viabilities were then gradually decreased but maintained at more than 50% above 31.20 .mu.g/ml concentration. On the contrary, HMF did not prevent any HIV-induced cytopathic effect at any concentrations tested on this cell line. From these results, negligible toxicities were observed by both HMF and LMF of G. luciolum, and recovery of cell viability in HIV infected target cell was induced only by LMF of the carpophores.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2000

The sensitivity of various pathogenic bacteria(Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium) to the pine needle and green tea extracts was tested. Water extract of pine needle(PNW), 70% ethanol extract of pine needle(PNE), water extract of green tea(GTW) and 70% ethanol extract of green tea(GTE) were prepared for the test of antibacterial activty. Tryptic soy broth(TSB) containing 0∼2%(w/v) of pine needle and green tea extracts were inoculated with 10$\^$5/∼10$\^$6/ cells/ml of each bacterium and incubated at 35$\^{C}$ for 24 hours. The standard plate count method was used to measure the inhibitory effect of the extracts. Minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC) were derived from the survival curves of pathogenic bacteria. Antibacterial activities of the pine needle and green tea extracts were compared with that of sodium benzoate, a preservative, by clear zone test. L. monocytogenes, S. aureus and A. hydrophila were completely inhibited at 0.4∼1.6% level while E. coli and S. typhimurium were very resistant to the pine needle extracts. Green tea extracts completely inhibited all strains tested at 0.2∼1.0% level and bactercidal to all strains except L. monocytogenes at 0.5∼2.0% level. Antibacterial activities of pine needle and green tea extracts were stronger than that of sodium benzoate. The order of antibacterial activities of pine needle and green tea extracts to the pathogenic bacteria was GTE > GTW > PNE > PNW. This result suggests that green tea extracts can be used as an effective natural antibacterial agent in food.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.590-592
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• 2010

Li-Mn spinel ($LiMn_2O_4$) is prepared by a hydrothermal process with K-Birnessite ($KMnO_4{\cdot}yH_2O$) as a precursor. The K-Birnessite obtained via a hydrothermal process with potassium permanganate [$KMnO_4$] and urea [$CO(NH_2)_2$] as starting materials are converted to Li-Mn spinel nanoparticles reacting with LiOH. The molar ratio of LiOH/K-Birnessite is adjusted in order to find the effect of the ratio on the structural, morphological and electrochemical performances of the Li-Mn spinel. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and thermogravimetry (TG) are used to investigate the crystal structure and morphology of the samples. Galvanostatic charge and discharge are carried out to measure the capacity and rate capability of the Li-Mn spinel. The capacity shows a maximum value of $117\;mAhg^{-1}$ when the molar ratio of LiOH/K-Birnessite is 0.8 and decreases with the increase of the ratio. However the rate capability is improved with the increase of the ratio due to the reduction of the particle size.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.96-102
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• 2006

Trimethylamine (TMA) is one of the difficult odorous compounds for the collection and analysis. Although sulfuric acid absorption and/or sulfuric acid impregnated filter method are commonly recommended for its sampling, these methods also suffer from difficulties involved in sample treatment and operational procedures. Hence, as an ancillary approach to measure TMA, we investigated the combination of bag sampling and SPME analysis for TMA measurements. For the purpose of our study, we investigated the following three subjects: 1) temporal variability of standard storage, 2) bag loss effect of TMS, and 3) TMA loss due to repetitive analysis of an identical bag sample. According to our storage test up to 7 or 20 dyas, TMA loss were found to occur up to 40 to 50% within relatively short period of up to 48 hrs depending on its concentration ranges. When the tests were made for bag loss by transferring TMA standards across different size bags, we were able to find that the extent of bag loss are not significant with 5 to 20% loss rate. Finally, the TMA sorptive loss via its exposure to SPME fiber was generally estimated to run from 2 to 3%.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.552-564
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure energy expenditure (EE) the metabolic equivalents (METs) of 13 common physical activities by using a portable telemetry gas exchange system ($K4b^2$) and to assess the accuracy of the accelerometer (Actigraph $GT3X^+$) by gender in Korean adults. Methods: A total of 109 adults (54 males, 55 females) with normal BMI (body mass index) participated in this study. EE and METs of 13 selected activities were simultaneously measured by the $K4b^2$ portable indirect calorimeter and predicted by the $GT3X^+$ Actigraph accelerometer. The accuracy of the accelerometer was assessed by comparing the predicted with the measured EE and METs. Results: EE (kcal/kg/hr) and METs of treadmill walking (3.2 km/h, 4.8 km/h and 5.6 km/h) and running (6.4 km/h) were significantly higher in female than in male participants (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the accelerometer significantly underestimated the EE and METs for all activities except descending stairs, moderate walking, and fast walking in males as well as descending stairs in females. Low intensity activities had the highest rate of accurate classifications (88.3% in males and 91.3% females), whereas vigorous intensity activities had the lowest rate of accurate classifications (43.6% in males and 27.7% in females). Across all activities, the rate of accurate classification was significantly higher in males than in females (75.2% and 58.3% respectively, p < 0.01). Error between the accelerometer and $K4b^2$ was smaller in males than in females, and EE and METs were more accurately estimated during treadmill activities than other activities in both males and females. Conclusion: The accelerometer underestimated EE and METs across various activities in Korean adults. In addition, there appears to be a gender difference in the rate of accurate accelerometer classification of activities according to intensity. Our results indicate the need to develop new accelerometer equations for this population, and gender differences should be considered.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.489-500
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• 2022

The decommissioning of nuclear facilities produces various types of radiologically contaminated waste. In addition, dismantlement activities, including cutting, packing, and clean-up at the facility site, result in secondary radioactive waste such as filters, resin, plastic, and clothing. Determining of the radionuclide content of this waste is an important step for the determination of a suitable management strategy including classification and disposal. In this work, we radiochemically characterized the radionuclide activities of filters used during the decommissioning of Korea Research Reactors (KRRs) 1 and 2. The results indicate that the filter samples contained mainly ³H (500-3,600 Bq·g^-1), ¹⁴C (7.5-29 Bq·g^-1), ⁵⁵Fe (1.1- 7.1 Bq·g^-1), ⁵⁹Ni (0.60-1.0 Bq·g^-1), ⁶⁰Co (0.74-70 Bq·g^-1), ⁶³Ni (0.60-94 Bq·g^-1), ⁹⁰Sr (0.25-5.0 Bq·g^-1), ¹³⁷Cs (0.64-8.7 Bq·g^-1), and ¹⁵²Eu (0.19-2.9) Bq·g^-1. In addition, the gross alpha radioactivity of the samples was measured to be between 0.32-1.1 Bq·g^-1. The radionuclide concentrations were below the concentration limit stated in the low- and intermediatelevel waste acceptance criteria of the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission, and used for the disposal of the KRRs waste drums to a repository site.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2006

This study was carried out to measure and analyze the characteristics of noise and vibration, and to analyze their effects on the productivity of layers, mechanical troubles, and abnormal wear-out failure of facilities and equipment of the layer house. The measurements of noise and vibration were taken at 13 layer farms nationwide for the operations of feed supplier system, feed distribution system, automatic egg collection system, ventilation system, blot conveyer for layer feces, and fur the case of with and without their operation by a sound level meter and a vibration measuring system in the layer house equipped with upright multi-tier cages. Measurement results showed that normal times were noise(N) 82 dB and vibration(V) 0.2072 cm/s, feed supplier system were 90 dB(N) and 2.8560 cm/s(V), feed distribution system were 90 dB(N) and 2.0222 cm/s(V), automatic egg collection system were 87 dB(N) and 0.1865 cm/s(V), ventilation system 88 dB(N) and 2.5364 cm/s(V), belt conveyer fur layer feces were 88 dB(N) and 0.2387 cm/s(V), and then maximum values of noise and vibration were 90 dB and 2.8560 cm/s, respectively, when feeding systems(feed supplying system and feed distribution system) were operated. Based on these results, an experiment is being conducted to find out the effect of noise and vibration on the productivity of layers in the layer house equipped with upright multi-tier cages.