• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.121-126
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• 1985

본(本) 시험(試驗)은 sorghum식물(植物)에 있어서 Cyanogenic glycosides의 합성(合成) 및 축적형태(蓄積形態)를 구명(究明)하기 위하여 sorghum hybrid의 Pioneer과 sorghum X sudangrass hybrid의 Sioux를 공시품종(供試品種)으로 하여 포장(圃場) 및 Phytotron시험(試驗)으로 실시(實施)하였다. Phytotron의 주(晝)/야간(夜間) 온도(溫度)는 30/25, 25/20, 28/18 및 $18/8^{\circ}C$로 하였으며 온도처리(溫度處理)는 출현기(出現期), 4 엽기(葉期), 6 엽기(葉期) 및 8 엽기(葉期)를 대상(對象)으로 실시(實施)하였다. 1979-'80년간(年間) 얻어진 시험결과(試驗結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. HCN의 합성(合成) 및 축적(蓄積)은 출현(出現)과 동시(同時)에 이루어져 출현후(出現后) 5 - 7 일(日) 이 경과된 2 엽기식물(葉期植物)에서 각각(各各) Pioneer 931 2384ppm 및 Sioux 1798ppm으로 최고농도수준(最高濃度水準)에 달한다. 그러나 이들 함량(含量)은 생육(生育)이 진행(進行)됨에 따라 급격(急激)히 감소(減少)되어 출수기(出穗期)에는 각각(各各) 173ppm 및 70ppm으로 하락(下落)된다. 2. 생육기간중(生育期間中) HCN의 농도변화(濃度變化)는 LWR 및 LAR와는 정(正)(+)의 상관(相關)이 초장생육(草長生育)과는 부(負)(-)의 상관(相關)($P{\leqq}0.1%$)이 있다. 3 . 식물체중(植物體中) HCN 분포(分布)는 유수(幼穗)가 형성(形成)되기 이전(以前)의 유식물(幼植物)에서는 엽부위(葉部位)에 다량(多量) 분포(分布)되어 있으나 유수형성기(幼穗形成期) 이후(以后)에는 엽(葉)과 경부위간(莖部位間) HCN농도(濃度) 차이(差異)가 크지 않다. 4. Cyanogenic glycosides의 합성(合成)은 온도(溫度)가 상승(上昇)됨에 따라 비례적(比例的)으로 증가(增加)하나 식물체내(植物體內)의 HCN 축적(蓄積)은 고온(高溫)($30/25^{\circ}C$)에서 보다 저온(低溫)($18/8^{\circ}C$)에서 보다 크게 일어난다. 5. Cyanogenic glycosides의 합성(合成) 및 축적(蓄積)은 질소질비료(窒素質肥料) 및 NRA의 영향(影響)을 크게 받으므로 sorghum 식물체내(植物體內)에서의 HCN농도(濃度)는 $NO_3$축적(蓄積)과 높은 정(正)(+)의 상관(相關)이 있다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.144-157
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• 1992

Bensulfuron-methyl은 생이활성(生理活性)이 특히 높고 제초(除草) spectrum이 큰 것으로 알려져 주요 논잡초방제에 사용되고 있으나, 피 및 올방개 등에 대한 방제효과(防除效果)는 다소 미흡하다. 따라서 이들 잡초종(雜草種)에 대한 선택적(選擇的) 작용력(作用力)이 비교적 큰 동시에 다른 약제의 흡수를 증대시키는 것으로 밝혀진 oxyfluorfen과의 혼합사용(混合使用) 가능성(可能性)을 찾고자 oxyfluorfen 0.25% 입제(粒劑)와 bensulfuron 0.15% 입제(粒劑)를 각각 0, 5, 10, 15, 20g ai/ha수준의 16 혼합조합(混合組合)을 공시(供試)하였다. 일년생과 다년생 주요 잡초종(雜草種)을 대상으로 수도(水稻) 이앙후(移秧後) 5 일에 각각 처리하였으며, 처리한 35 일후에 지상부 생체중(生體重)을 조사하여 각각 처리에 대한 방제율(防除率)을 산정하였다. 두 약제 의 혼합사용(混合使用) 가능성(可能性)은 여러가지 "Joint action model"을 이용하여 두 약제의 상호작용을 비교분석(比較分析)하는 방법으로 검토하였다. 먼저 각초종에 대하여 분산분석(分散分析)한 결과, 피와 올방개 및 잡초 전체에 대해서는 1% 유의수준(有意水準)에서 상호작용효과(相互作用效果)가 인정되었으며 가래와 너도방동사니는 5% 유의수준(有意水準)에서 상호작용효과(相互作用效果)가 인정되었다. 그러나 물달개비, 올챙고랭이, 올미 등은 상호작용효과(相互作用效果)가 인정되지 않았다. 피와 올방개 및 전체초종을 대상으로 혼합모델들을 적용시킨 결과 전체적으로 Colby method와 Regression method는 유사한 결과를 보였다. Calculus method는 해석상(解析上)의 어려움이 있었으나 전반적으로는 이들과 큰 차이가 없었다. Isobole method는 일정한 $ID_X$에서만 상호작용해석(相互作用解析)이 가능하므로 천체적인 약량범위(藥量範圍)의 상호작용(相互作用)을 해석하기는 어렵기 때문에 최소한의 합리적인 잡초방제(雜草防除)를 만족시킬 수 있는 $ID_{30}$ 이상의 Isobole은 작성할 수 없었다. EQM의 경우 ${\theta}$값의 범위(範圍)에 따라 상호작용(相互作用)의 type을 결정하는데 상호작용효과(相互作用效果)의 크기를 비교하려는 입장에서는 해석상(解析上)의 어려움이 따랐다. 본 연구의 결과에서는 다른 Model을과 달리 올방개에 대한 효과에서 Synergism을 나타냈다. 여러 모델들이 모두 동일한 결과를 보여주지는 않았으나 bensulfuron 5~10g과 oxyfluorfen 5~10g을 혼합처리(混合處理)할 경우 synergistic한 경향을 보이며 방제율(防除率)도 비교적 높아 이 수준의 약량을 혼합처리(混合處理)하면 bensulfuron만으로 방제가 어려운 잡초의 방제는 물론 약량 감소를 가져올 수 있을 것으로 기대되었다.

• 대한간호
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.66-77
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to develop a new nursing unit which can meet changing health care needs, enhance patients' satisfaction and nurses' job satisfaction, and finally guarantee quality nursing care with present manpower. For this, one medical unit was selected as a unit for quality care. And one medical unit which is similar in staffing and patients' characteristics was selected as a control unit. To assess present problems and identify the remedies to the problems a hospital-wide survey and a workshop were performed. According to the survey results, educational programs and improvement of the facilities and equipment supply system, managereal support for interdepartmental cooperation and intensification of bed-side nursing care were adopted as main principles for operating model unit, This model unit was operated for 3 months from Sep. 1, 1992 to Nov. 30, 1992. To evaluate the effectiveness of the model unit, derect/indirect nursing care hours, patients' satisfaction to nursing care, nurses' job satisfaction, and quality care index were measured. Direct/indirect nursing care hours were compared with that of the control unit, and patients' and nurses' satisfaction and quality care index were measured before and after operating model unit and compared with each other. The results of the study were as follows; 1. In the model unit mean direct nursing care hours per cach shift was 146.88 minutes and indirect nursing care hours was 354.72 minutes. The ratio of the direct nursing care hour to indirect nursing hour was 29.6 ; 70.4 and that of the control unit was 26.9 : 73.1. Direct nursing care hour in model unit was longer than that of the control unit. But, the difference was not significant. In subcategories of direct nursing care, the time spent in mobility and exercise, conservation of body temperature, hygiene, and communication and health education were longer than that of the con" trol unit. 2. Indirect nursing care hour in model unit was shorter than that of the control unit. But, the difference was not significant. In subcategories of indirect nursing care, the time spent in drug management and ward arrangement was shorter than that of the control unit. 3. Patients' satisfaction to nursing care was increased significantly after operating the model unit (T=-3.48, P=-0.002) and satisfaction to subcategories of physical comfort measure, psychological cate, and unit management components were significantly higher than before. 4. In the model unit, nurses' total job satisfaction was increased significantly after operating the model unit(Z=2.1004, P=.0357) and satisfaction to subcategory of satisfaction to administration was significantly higher than before (Z=-2.0732, P=.0382). 5. After operating the model unit, quality care index was increased from 89 to 93. With this results, it can be summarized that all the measures tried for quality care, such as educational programs, managereal support for interdepartmental cooperation, and improvement of the equipment and facility provision resulted in partial increase in direct nursing care hours, nurses satisfaction to their job and patients' satisfaction to nursing care. In can be postulated that managereal support and motivation without proper staff supplementation is not enough for increasing direct nursing care hours. And for the enhancement of the level in clinical nursing, and staff supplement must be considered sincerely and the measures for reducing indirect nursing care hours, such as computerization of nursing care activities, improvement of facilities and equipment and facilities supply system, must be instituted in addition.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.16-22
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• 2008

[ $O_2/SF_6$ ], $O_2/N_2$ 그리고 $O_2/CH_4$의 혼합 가스를 이용하여 폴리카보네이트의 플라즈마 식각을 연구하였다. 플라즈마 식각 장비는 축전 결합형 플라즈마 시스템을 사용하였다. 폴리카보네이트 식각은 감광제 도포 후에 UV 조사의 포토리소그래피 방법으로 마스크를 제작하여 실험하였다. 본 식각 실험에서는 $O_2$와 다른 기체와의 혼합비와 RIE 척 파워 증가에 따른 폴리카보네이트의 식각 특성 연구를 중심으로 하였다. 특히 건식 식각 시에 사용한 공정 압력은 100 mTorr로 유지하였으며 공정 압력은 기계적 펌프만을 사용하여 유지하였다. 식각 실험 후에 표면 단차 측정기, 원자력간 현미경 그리고 전자 현미경 등을 이용하여 식각한 샘플을 분석 하였다. 실험 결과에 의하면 폴리카보네이트 식각에서 $O_2/SF_6$의 혼합 가스를 사용하면 순수한 $O_2$나 $SF_6$를 사용한 것보다 각각 약 140 % 와 280 % 정도의 높은 식각 속도를 얻을 수 있었다. 즉, 100 W RIE 척 파워와 100 mTorr 공정 압력을 유지하면서 20 sccm $O_2$의 플라즈마 식각에서는 약 $0.4{\mu}m$/min, 20 sccm의 $SF_6$를 사용하였을 때에는 약 $0.2{\mu}$/min의 식각 속도를 얻었다. 그러나 60 %의 $O_2$와 40 %의 $SF_6$로 혼합된 플라즈마 분위기에서는 20 sccm의 순수한 $O_2$에 비해 상대적으로 낮은 -DC 바이어스가 인가되었음에도 식각 속도가 약 $0.56{\mu}m$/min으로 증가하였다. 그러나 $SF_6$ 양의 추가적인 증가는 폴리카보네이트의 식각 속도를 감소시켰다. $O_2/N_2$와 $O_2/CH_4$의 플라즈마 식각에서는 $N_2$와 $CH_4$의 양이 각각 증가함에 따라 식각 속도가 감소하였다. 즉, $O_2$에 $N_2$와 $CH_4$의 혼합은 폴리카보네이트의 식각 속도를 저하시켰다. 식각된 폴리카보네이트의 표면 거칠기 절대값은 식각 전에 비해 $2{\sim}3$ 배정도 증가하였지만 전자현미경으로 표면을 관찰 하였을 때에는 식각 실험 후의 폴리카보네이트의 표면이 깨끗한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. RIE 척 파워의 증가는 -DC 바이어스와 폴리카보네이트의 식각 속도를 거의 선형적으로 증가시켰으며 이 때 폴리카보네이트의 감광제에 대한 식각 선택비는 약 1:1 정도였다. 본 연구의 의미는 기계적 펌핑 시스템만을 사용한 간단한 플라즈마 식각 시스템으로도 $O_2/SF_6$의 혼합 가스를 사용하면 폴리카보네이트의 미세 구조를 만드는데 사용이 가능하며 $O_2/N_2$와 $O_2/CH_4$의 결과에 비해 상대적으로 우수한 식각 조건을 얻을 수 있었다는 것이다. 이 결과는 다른 폴리머 소재 미세 가공에도 응용이 가능하여 앞으로 많이 사용될 수 있을 것으로 예상한다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.777-786
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• 2003

Blended essential oil(CRINA$^{\circledR}$) 첨가가 육계의 생산성과 영양소 이용률, 계육내 지방산 조성, 소장 내 미생물 균총 및 혈액지질 조성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 갓 부화한 1000수의 Ross$^{\circledR}$ 병아리를 5처리 4반복, 반복 당 50수를 임의 배치하여 5주간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 시험사료는 대조구 사료(T1)와 Avilamycin 5ppm(전기사료) & Flavomycin 5ppm(육성기사료) 첨가사료(T2), Avilamycin 5ppm(전기사료) & CRINA$^{\circledR}$ 50ppm(육성기사료) 첨가사료(T3), CRINA$^{\circledR}$ 50ppm(전기사료, 육성기사료) 첨가사료(T4), CRINA$^{\circledR}$ 50ppm + Lactic acid 500ppm (전기사료, 육성기사료) 첨가사료(T5)를 만들어 급여하였다. 증체율은 첨가구들(T2-T5)이 대조구에 비해 유의하게 높았으나 첨가구들 사이에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 육성기(4-5주) 동안 CRINA$^{\circledR}$ 첨가구들(T3, T4, T5)에서 사료요구율(F/G)이 유의하게 개선되었다. 사망률은 처리에 의해 유의한 영향을 받지 않았다. CRINA$^{\circledR}$구(T4)는 항생제구(T2)에 비해 지방, 메치오닌, 메치오닌+시스틴의 이용율이 유의하게 높았다. 장 내용물중의 미생물 균총중 E. coli 수는 항생제 & CRINA$^{\circledR}$ 50ppm구(T3)가 CRINA$^{\circledR}$ 50ppm구(T4)에 비해 유의하게 적었다. Cl. Perfringens의 수는 CRINAⓇ구(T4)에서 가장 적었으나 유의차는 없었다. 혈청 중성지방 수준은 CRINA$^{\circledR}$+lactic acid구(T5)가 항생제구(T2) 보다 유의하게 낮았다. 혈청 콜레스테롤 수준은 항생제구(T2)와 CRINA$^{\circledR}$ + lactic acid구(T5)가 타처리구들 보다 유의하게 높았다. 혈청 HDL 수준은 첨가구들이 대조구(T1)보다 유의하게 높았다. 혈청 IgG 수준은 처리간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 다리 근육지방의 지방산조성은 처리에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었는데 palmitic acid (C$_{16:0}$)와 stearic acid(C$_{18:0}$) 함량은 대조구(T1)가 유의하게 높았다. 반면에 oleic acid(C$_{18:1}$)의 함량은 대조구(T1)가 타처리구에 비해 유의하게 낮았다. Linolenic acid(C$_{18:3}$)의 함량은 CRINA$^{\circledR}$ 50ppm + lactic acid 500ppm구(T5)가 항생제 & CRINA$^{\circledR}$ 50ppm구(T3) 보다 유의하게 높았다. 총 포화지방산의 함량은 대조구(T1)가 유의하게 높은 반면 총불포화지방산의 함량은 대조구(T1)가 유의하게 낮았다. 결론적으로 육계사료에 CRINA$^{\circledR}$를 첨가하면 증체율이나 사료효율을 개선시켰다. 그러나 전기에 항생제를 쓰고 육성기에 CRINA$^{\circledR}$를 쓰거나 CRINA$^{\circledR}$와 젖산을 같이 사용시 추가적 또는 상승효과는 없었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.206-210
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• 2017

Objective: A study was conducted to test six threonine (Thr) levels (0.39%, 0.44%, 0.49%, 0.54%, 0.59%, and 0.64%) to estimate the optimal dietary Thr requirements for Longyan laying ducks from 17 to 45 wk of age. Methods: Nine hundred Longyan ducks aged 17 wk were assigned randomly to the six dietary treatments, where each treatment comprised six replicate pens with 25 ducks per pen. Results: Increasing the Thr level enhanced egg production, egg weight, egg mass, and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) (linearly or quadratically; p<0.05). The Haugh unit score, yolk color, albumen height, and the weight, percentage, thickness, and breaking strength of the eggshell did not response to increases in the Thr levels, but the albumen weight and its proportion increased significantly (p<0.05), whereas the yolk weight and its proportion decreased significantly as the Thr levels increased. Conclusion: According to a regression model, the optimal Thr requirement for egg production, egg mass, and FCR in Longyan ducks is 0.57%, while 0.58% is the optimal level for egg weight from 17 to 45 wk of age.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.299-308
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• 2009

We manufactured PVA-derived hydrogels using a foam generation technique that has been widely used to prepare colloidal gas aphrons(CGA). These gels were differentiated to the conventional gels such as for medical or pharmaceutical applications, which have tiny pores and some crystalline structure. Rather these should be used in de-pollution devices or adhesion of cells or biomolecules. The crosslinkers used in this work were amino acid, organic acid, sugars and lipids(vitamins). The structures of the gels were observed in a scanned electron microscope. Amino acids gels showed remarkably higher swelling ratios probably because their typical functional groups help constructing a highly crosslinked network along with hydrogen bonds. Boric acid and starch would catalyze dehydration while structuring to result in much lower water content and accordingly high gel content, leading to less elastic, hard gels. Bulky materials such as ascorbic acid or starch produced, in general, large pores in the matrices and also nicotinamide, having large hydrophobic patches was likely to enlarge pore size of its gels as well since the hydrophobicity would expel water molecules, thus leading to reduced swelling. Hydrophilicity(or hydrophobicity), functional groups which are involved in the reaction or physical linkage, and bulkiness of crosslinkers were found to be more critical to gel's cross linking structure and its density than molecular weights that seemed to be closely related to pore sizes. Microscopic observation revealed that pores were more or less homogeneous and their average sizes were $20{\mu}m$ for methionine, $10-15{\mu}m$ for citric acid, $50-70{\mu}m$ for L-ascorbic acid, $30-40{\mu}m$ for nicotinamide, and $70-80{\mu}m$ for starch. Also a sensory test showed that amino acid and glucose gels were more elastic meanwhile acid and nicotinamide gels turned out to be brittle or non-elastic at their high concentrations. The elasticity of a gel was reasonably correlated with its water content or swelling ratio. In addition, the PVA gel including 20% ascorbic acid showed fair ability of cell adherence as 0.257mg/g-hydrogel and completely degraded phenanthrene(10 mM) in 240 h.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.206-211
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• 2013

The effect of a $WO_3$ or $Ga_2O_3$ addition on the densification, phase evolution, optical reflectance, and elastic and dielectric properties of $Y_2O_3$-doped AlN ceramics sintered at $1800^{\circ}C$ for 3 h is investigated. The investigated compositions of the additives are 4.5 wt% $Y_2O_3$ (YA), 3.5 wt% $Y_2O_3$-1.0 wt% $Ga_2O_3$ (YGA), and 3.5 wt% $Y_2O_3$-1.0 wt% $WO_3$ (YWA). $YAlO_3$ and $Y_4Al_2O_9$ form as the secondary phases in all of the investigated compositions, whereas $W_2B$ appears additionally in the YWA. In the YGA, Ga is detected in the AlN grains, indicating that the dissolution of $Ga_2O_3$ into the AlN lattice occurs. The addition of $WO_3$ blackens the specimen more significantly than that of $Ga_2O_3$ does. In all of the investigated specimens, the linear shrinkage and the apparent density are above 20 percent and in the range of 3.34-3.37 $g/cm^3$, respectively. The elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, the dielectric constant, and the dielectric loss are in the ranges of 335-368 GPa, 0.146-0.237, 8.60-8.63, $2.65-3.95{\times}10^{-3}$, respectively. The sinterability and the properties of $Y_2O_3$-doped AlN ceramics are not much altered by the addition of $WO_3$ or $Ga_2O_3$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.515-523
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to investigate the variability in broiler performance, apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and ileal digestible energy (IDE) between five different maize samples fed with and without xylanase at 16,000 U/kg. Various in vitro characterisations were conducted to determine if any could predict performance or AME. Samples of the maize were harvested in five diverse regions and fed individually in a mash diet as follows (g/kg): test maize 608.3; soya bean meal (SBM) 324.1; poultry fat 25.2; salt 4.6; met 2.6; lys 1.6; thr 0.5; limestone 9.7, dical 18.4; vit/min 5.0; CP 210 and ME (kcal/kg) 3,085. The diets were fed to 720 broilers with 6 replicates, each containing 12 birds per treatment, from 0 to 18 d of age. Maize samples were analysed for starch, protein, crude fibre, fat, protein solubility index (PSI) and vitreousness using near infra red reflectance spectroscopy (NIR). They were also assayed using an in vitro starch digestibility method. The results showed that there was no effect of harvest region on the feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG) or feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the broilers over the 18 d period (p = 0.959, 0.926, 0.819 respectively). There was an improvement in all parameters with the addition of xylanase (FI p = 0.011; BWG and FCR p<0.001). There was a significant positive effect of xylanase on IDE, AME, IDE Intake (IDEI) and AME intake (AMEI) (p<0.0001 in all cases). Although there was no significant effect of maize source, there was a strong trend towards variability in IDE (p = 0.066) and AME (p = 0.058). There were no significant correlations (p<0.05) between any proximate or physiochemical values and any performance or AME values. This may suggest that none of those selected were suitable predictors for performance or AME. The broilers performed well according to the breed guidelines, with slightly increased FI, increased BWG and similar FCR prior to the addition of xylanase. When FCR and BWG were analysed with FI as a covariate, xylanase addition remained significant suggesting that the improvement in BWG and FCR was driven by an increase in digestibility and nutrient availability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.569-576
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• 2012

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the potential for Forsythia suspensa extract (FSE) to substitute for antibiotic in broiler chicken. First, a well-diffusion assay procedure and a 2-fold dilution method were used to determine the bacteriostatic activity of FSE on Escherichia coli K88, staphylococcus aureus, and salmonella was assayed. An inhibitory effect of FSE was observed on the growth of these bacteria. This effect seems to be dose depended, which disappeared after 25.00, 12.50, 1.56 mg/ml. Second, a 42-d trial with 252 broiler chickens (d 1, $38.7{\pm}1.1$ g BW) was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of FSE in broiler chicken. The feeding program consisted of a starter diet from d 1 to 21 and a finisher diet from d 22 to 42. Dietary treatments included were: i) NC: negative control fed a corn-soybean meal based diet; ii) PC: positive control group fed based diet with chlortetracycline; and iii) FC: a test group fed with 100 mg FSE/kg diet. In this study growth performance did not differ among treatments during the starter period. However, dietary supplemental chlortetracycline and FSE increased (p<0.05) average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared with NC during the finisher and overall phase. Apparent digestibility of calcium on d 21, digestibility of energy and calcium on d 42 of FC was greater (p<0.05) than NC. Moreover, cecal Escherichia coli counts for birds from FC were lower (p<0.05) than NC. Dietary FSE supplementation also improved (p<0.05) villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratios in both duodenum and ileum and decreased (p<0.05) crypt depth in the duodenum. Duodenum villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in both duodenum and ileum from the FC group were also greater (p<0.05). Serum growth hormone and IGF-1 were not influenced by different treatments. Apparently, FSE has the potential to substitute for antibiotic in broiler chicken.