• ALGAE
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.293-301
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• 2004

A chain-forming toxic din flagellate, Gymnodinium catenatum (Graham) was known as a paralytic toxin-producer among Gymnodinoid group. In the study, the effects of water temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth of G. catenatum isolated from Yeosuhae Bay, Korea were investigated. Water temperature range in which G. catenatum showed specific growth rate higher than 0.3 day$^{-1}$ were above about 18${^{\circ}C}$. However, salinity did not have such an effect on growth of G. catenatum. The maximum growth rate (0.5 day$^{-1}$) was obtained at 25${^{\circ}C}$ and 30 psu. The specific growth rate (u) expressed as a polynomial equation as functions of temperature (T; ${^{\circ}C}$) and salinity (S; psu) was $\mu$ = 0.005·T$^2$ - 0.0001164 T$^3$ - 0.063-S + 0.005-S$^2$ - 0.00007608-S$^3$ - 0.003-T-S + 0.00005308-T$^2$-S. Thus, in aspects of water temperature and salinity, the species may be expected to survive in most Korean coastal waters from early summer to autumn. The irradiance-growth curve was described as = 0.16 (I - 10.4)/(1 + 21.8) at 18${^{\circ}C}$ and 30 psu, indicating a half-saturation (Ks) photon flux density (PFD) of 42.6$\mu$mol m$^{-2}s^{-1}$ and compensation PFD (I$_0$) of 10.4$\mu$mol m$^{-2}s^{-1}$. These characteristic responses to irradiance suggest that G. catenatum can reside at the sub-surface.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.273-288
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• 2017

An investigation focusing on the unrecorded and taxonomically undescribed indigenous has been done since 2006. Samples were collected from various sites in the coastal and offshore waters of Korea as well as around Jeju Island. Since 2008, 16 unrecorded species belonging to the family Gymnodiniaceae have been found. The species were as follows: Amphidinium thermaeum (2015), Cochlodinium convolutum (2015), C. strangulatum (2015), Gymnodinium abbreviatum (valid name: G. gracile), G. arenicola (2015), G. gracile (2015), G. dorsalisulcum (2015), G. microreticulatum (2014), G. micrum (2016) (valid name: Karlodinium micrum), G. pyrenoidosum (2016), G. simplex (2015), G. veneficum (2016) (valid name: Karlodinium veneficum), Gyrodinium aureum (2015), G. fusiforme (2015), G. dominans (2014), and Nusuttodinium latum (2016) (valid name: Amphidinium latum). (The numbers in parentheses refer to the year that the species was found). These species were newly recorded in Korean waters in this study.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.198-199
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• 2000

유독 와편모조 Gymnodinium catenatum Graham은 인간과 해양동물에 마비성패독(PSP) 발생의 원인이 되는 신경독을 생산한다. 1976년에 스페인 북서쪽 해안에서 G. catenatum에 의한 PSP 발생이 처음으로 알려졌고(Estrada et al. 1984) 특히 호주와 스페인 등지에서 문제가 되고 있다. 한국에서도 1991년 10월 진해만에서 채집된 저질로부터 처음 휴면포자가 발견되었고, 휴면포자량은 전체 와편모조류 중 0.9~l.7%를 차지하였다(Kim et al., 1996). 1996년 9월에는 영양세포가 7,250 cells/$\ell$로 진해만의 수정리에서 출현하였고, 1997년 5월에는 550 cells/$\ell$로 출현하였다(김과 신, 1997). 이는 Alexandrium속이 주로 봄철에 대량발생을 하여 패류 독화가 문제되는 것에 반해 C. catenatum은 봄, 가을에 출현함으로써 봄철에 이어 가을철에도 패류독화가 문제될 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 서해안 및 남해안에서 분리된 지역분리주의 PSP 생산성을 검증하고, 지역 개체군의 독조성을 비교하여 지역 독화의 가능성을 예측하고자 한다. (중략)

• ALGAE
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.15-29
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• 2008

Many species in Gymnodiniales, which are unarmored dinoflagellates, are responsible for marine algal blooms and some of them have potent toxin in the cell. Their taxonomy has so far been well-defined, and several genera (e.g. Akashiwo, Gymnodinium, Karenia) have recently been re-described. In Korea, few works have been carried out on their taxonomical and molecular studies. This study focused on comparison of both morphological and molecular characteristics of five unarmored dinoflagellates on Korean coastal water: Akashiwo sanguinea, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Gymnodinium catenatum, Gymnodinium impudicum and Karenia aureolum (=K. mikimotoi). Morphological characteristics observed here was in good accordance with the original descriptions of individual species. In addition, none of difference was found in morphological comparisons between the Korean and foreign strains. Furthermore, molecular analysis showed that the SSU rDNA sequences were generally identical according to each species. In some distinct features, A. sanguinea, which has generally the same morphological features, were divided into two groups: one was Korean isolates including European isolates, the other was American isolates. In the two groups, the nucleus was positioned differently: middle of the cells in the Korean isolates (GnSg02, GnSg03), near the epicone in American isolates (CCMP1593, CCMP1837). In addition, this was strongly supported by phylogenetic analysis, inferred from the SSU rDNA sequences. K. aureolum (GrAr01) was corresponded to European G. aureolum (=K. mikimotoi) in shape and position of nucleus, chloroplast, however, which is similar to K. digitata in view of having a finger-like sulcus. This was in good agreement with phylogenetic study of these species. G. catenatum have identical morphology except the ridge location, and their genotype of SSU rDNA was also identical to GenBank data of the same species. From this study, we found that the five Korean unarmored dinoflagellates are identical morphological characteristics and genotype to each species of foreign isolates.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.230-236
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• 1987

The correlation between tintinnid and dinoflagellate by means of seasonal variation of standing crops was investigated at two selected stations in Masan Bay, well-known as a red tide zone in southern coastal waters of Korea, during the period from January 1981 to December 1982. The most dominant dinoflagellates mainly belonged to $20-60\;{\mu}m$ of size class, and Gymnodinium and Prorocentrum were predominant from spring to summer season. Of tintinnid, Favella spp. were most dominant and associated with dinoflagellate blooms at the same season. Especially, Favella spp. were most positively correlated with $40-60\;{\mu}m$ size class of dinoflagellate, and also represented higher multiple corrleation with outer station (St.2), comprising relatively large species of Gymonodinium and Protogonyaulax, than with inner station (St. 1), dominated by Prorocentrum blooms. Thus, the interspecific food selection by size and morphology between tintinnid including Favella and dinoflagellate is recognized and it is considered to be an important factor influenecing on the prey-predator relationship in lower trophic level in the surveyed area.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.651-657
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• 2003

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to study genetic relationships among C. polykrikoides, G. impudicum and G. catenatum, which possess similar morphological features. Four of 12 primers were selected and 59 amplification products ranged from 0.2 kb to 3.0 kb. The number of polymorphic products in C. polykrikoides, G. impudicum and G. catenatum was 16 (27.1%), 8 (13.5%), and 16 (27.1%), respectively, while 17 were monomorphic. Number of species-specific bounds was 26 (44.0%), 34 (57.6%), 26 (44.0%) in C. polykrikoides, G. impudicum and G. catenatum, respectively. The genetic similarity between C. polykrikoides and G. impudicum/G. catenatum was 0.83, whereas G. impudicum and G. catenatum was 0.78. Our results suggest that C. polykrikoides, G. impudicum and G. catenatum are extremely different on the basis of RAPD analysis, despite similarity based on their morphology. The RAPD technique appears to be efficient in detecting genetic variation in these dinoflagellates.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.727-735
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• 2006

In this study, the PHYTO-PAM-fluorometric method was used to evaluate the ETR$_{max}$ in terms of sensitivity to DIN/DIP against 14 microalgae: Prorocentrum micans, Heterocapsa triquetra, Gymnodinium impudicum, Cymnodinium catenatum, Amphidinium caterae, Chlorella vulgaris, Chroococcus minutus, Microcystis aeruginosa, Chlorella ellipsoidea, Nannochloris oculata, Oocystis lacustris, Chroomonas salina, Gloeocystis gigas, and Prymnessium parvum. We found that P. micans, H. triquetra, and A. caterae exposed to the maximum level of DIN/DIP were significantly smaller in the ETR$_{max}$ than that of the minimum and moderate mixture. Unlikely the ETR$_{max}$, the initial slope alpha was not significantly different at the level of 60 DIN/DIP. In G. catenatum, the moderate levels of 15 and 20 in DIN/DIP were found to be significantly different from the ETR$_{max}$ at Chl-Ch4. Gymnodinium impudicum had a higher value than that of the ETR$_{max}$ than that of dinoflagellates used in this study, ranging from 306.1 (Ch4, DIN/DIP: 10) to 520.1 (Ch4, DIN/DIP: 30). The ETR$_{max}$ value obtained from other microalgae was similar to C. impudicum at any of the ratios of DIN/DIP and channels. Consequently, the influence of offshore water current assures us of the suppression of photosynthesis and electron transport rate in dinoflagellates. Gymnodinium impudicum has not been researched in the area of red tides in Korea, but it will be enough to creat the massive algal blooms in the future because of higher potential photochemical availability.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.395-401
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• 2000

Growth and biochemical composition were analyzed in Gymnodinium sanguineum and Skeletonema costatum grown in media containing various nitrate and phosphate concentrations. Concentrations of nitrate and phosphate in the growth media were 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2mM and 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 $\mu$M, respectively. Growth of G. sanguineum was suppressed in the low concentration of nitrate and phosphate (below N = 0.3 mM and P = 15 $\mu$M), whereas growth of S. costatum did not changed. At the low concentrations of nitrate and phosphate, amount of intracellular protein and carbohydrate in G. sanguineum cells were largely decreased, whereas content of carbohydrate in S. costatum cells was increased little. Amount of neutral lipid and phospholipid in G. sanguineum didn't changed, but concentration of glycolipid was largely decreased in the medium containing low concentrations of nitrate and phosphate. However the levels of TAG, glycolipid, and phospholipid did not changed in S. costatum cells. These results show that S. costatum is more adaptable than G. sanguineum in the low concentration of nitrate and phosphate.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

We were successfully reared young marine ornamental larva fish in a unique process of microalgae blooming culture tank. The marine fish larva was grown and survived in this method. Generally, we called this method as natural mixed culture. Observed planktonic microalgae were 34 species with 19 diatoms (Detonula pumila, Nitzschia sp., Fragilaria oceanica, Chaetoceros curvisetus, Stephanodiscus sp., Chaetoceros decipies, Chaetoceros sp., Thalassiosira rotula, Eucampia zodiacus, Diploneis splendica, Nitzschia longissima, Surirella cuneata, Asterionella glacialis, Nitzschia spp., Chaetoceros debile, Thalassionema nitzschioides, Nitzschia closterium, Skeletonema costatum and Licmophora sp.), 14 flagellates (Euglena, sp., Gonyaulax sp., Pyramimonas sp., Protoperidinium sp., Eutreptia sp., Parapedinella sp., unidentified micrc-flagellate, Gyrodinium sp., Scrippsiell trochoidea, Gymnodinium sanguineum, Chrysochromulina sp., Gymnodinium sp., Prorocentrum triestinum and Micromonas sp.) and 1 ciliate (Mesodinium rubrum) in this culture tank. Dominant microalgae were Chrysochromulina sp. during the larval rearing periods. Blooming condition maintained continuously and stably from 10 to 60 days in this microcosm.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.57-98
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• 1981

This study deals with the marine dinoflagellates observed in 50 samples collected in the vincinity of Yeosu from August 1979 to May 1980. Forty-nine species were identified and these taxa are attributed to 10 genera, of which 2 are infraspecific taxa. Two families, 3 genera, and 32 species are new records for the Korean coastal waters. Small dinoflagellates recorded in this study are ascribed to the use of volumetric samplers instead of nets. In this area, the armored forms are the most important components of the dinoflagellates (39 taxa). All species are illustrated by photomicroscopy. There are 49 pictures of taxa. An attempt has been made to provide more correct references to each species. There are comparative descriptive information, taxonomic comments, and distributional data for each species.