• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.231-241
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• 2005

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.31-38
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• 2014

This study is an evaluation index development research based on the Gyeongju Historic Heritage Sites to identify the attractive properties of Gyeongju that have helped determine the competitiveness of this historical city. Through literature reviews on these attractive factors of historic urban landscape, the Vienna memos(UNESCO, 2005) and the International Cultural Tourism Charter(ICOMOS, 1999), two professional investigations were conducted following a backup group of attraction indexes that had been received prior. In the end, 22 attraction indexes were chosen in the Urban Historical and Cultural area, the Heritage Resources area, and the Urban Environment area with three aspects based on the analysis of Importance(M), Standard deviation(SD), Content Validity Ratio(CVR), Agreement, and convergence. These indicators will be useful basic information for improving the city's historic charms. In the future, these indicators can be used as a basis for evaluating the characteristic charms of Gyeongju, through which the charm of Gyeongju can be re-recognized.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.109-119
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• 2012

This study aims to analyze architectural characteristics of railway station facilities which were built with development of railroads from Japanese Colonial Period to 1950's. To achieve this goals, 7 railway stations in Gyeongju area that are worth preserving were set up as research targets. For this study, I analyzed literature of the railway station and drawings which the KORAL Daegu Branch is keeping. Railway stations without a construction drawing investigated a direct visit. After analyzing the railway station facilities, the architectural properties such as plan, elevation and section have been identified. The results are as follows. First, Each modern railway station is usually consisted of waiting room and office, and ancillary spaces have been added. Over the years, however, the space was expanded horizontally. In that case, the structure and finish materials have been changed, like now. Second, Most of the roof shape is 'Matbae'(gable roof), especially Gyeongju station and Bulguksa Station are 'Woojingak roof. The roof structure is truss structure, especially as Pratt and Scissors type, but Gyeongju Station's structure is a reinforced concrete. Third, main doorway of waiting room is located in the center of the front gable. However, small stations like 'Ahwa' and 'Ipsil' station to ensure the passengers' waiting area are placed next to the office area.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.38-50
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• 2008

The site-specific seismic responses and corresponding seismic hazards are influenced mainly by the subsurface geologic and geotechnical dynamic characteristics. To estimate reliably the seismic responses in this study, a geotechnical information system (GTIS) within GIS framework was developed by introducing new concepts, which consist of the extended area containing the study area and the additional site visit for acquiring surface geo-knowledge data. The GIS-based GTIS was built for Gyeongju area, which has records of abundant historical seismic hazards reflecting the high potential of future earthquakes. At the study area, Gyeongju, intensive site investigations and pre-existing geotechnical data collections were performed and the site visits were additionally carried out for assessing geotechnical characteristics and shear wave velocity ($V_S$) representing dynamic property. Within the GTIS for Gyeongju area, the spatially distributed geotechnical layers and $V_S$ in the entire study area were reliably predicted from the site investigation data using the geostatistical kriging method. Based on the spatial geotechnical layers and $V_S$ predicted within the GTIS, a seismic zoning map on site period ($T_G$) from which the site-specific seismic responses according to the site effects can be estimated was created across the study area of Gyeongju. The spatial $T_G$ map at Gyeongju indicated seismic vulnerability of two- to five-storied buildings. In this study, the seismic zonation based on $T_G$ within the GIS-based GTIS was presented as regional efficient strategy for seismic hazard prediction and mitigation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.19-26
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• 2015

Korea's housing polices, which have tended to be focused on quantity rather than quality, have since the 1970s given rise to a housing culture centered on apartment units. Such housing polices have resulted in urban sprawl in the metropolitan areas, and a growing polarization between urban and rural areas. In addition, the issue of "dehumanization" has emerged as a result of the interchangeable urban landscapes and the growing number of high-rise residential buildings. In short, the residential communities of the past, such as towns and villages, have disappeared and been replaced with societies that value individuality and anonymity. The purpose of this paper is to analyze urban structure Gyeongju traditional housing complex. This is to analyze the traditional Hanok residential complex of superiority and characteristics of Gyeongju. This enables future planning should be introduced in Gyeongju hanok.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2021

The ML 5.8 earthquake shocked Gyeongju, Korea, at 11:32:55 UTC on September 12, 2016. One year later, on the afternoon of November 15, 2017, the ML 5.4 earthquake occurred in Pohang, South Korea. The earthquakes injured many residents, damaged buildings, and affected the economy of Gyeongju and Pohang. The damage proxy maps (DPMs) were generated from Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery by comparing pre- and co-events interferometric coherences to identify anomalous changes that indicate damaged by the earthquakes. DPMs manage to detect coherence loss in residential and commercial areas in both Gyeongju and Pohang earthquakes. We found that our results show a good correlation with the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) report with Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale values of more than VII (seven). The color scale of Sentinel-1 DPMs indicates an increasingly significant change in the area covered by the pixel, delineating collapsed walls and roofs from the official report. The resulting maps can be used to assess the distribution of seismic damage after the Gyeongju and Pohang earthquakes and can also be used as inventory data of damaged buildings to map seismic vulnerability using machine learning in Gyeongju or Pohang.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.325-338
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• 2009

National parks provide recreation, health, and science to human being. The provision of beautiful landscape view of the national park improves an economic and social phase of a nation. However, visibility impairment frequently occurred in the national park area of Gyeongju. The purpose of this study is to investigate the physical and the chemical characteristics of visibility reduction observed at the national park area of Gyeongju. Optical, chemical, meteorological characteristics and scenic monitoring were performed at the visibility monitoring station of Gyeongju University located at the Seoak section of Gyeongju national park from April 28 to May 9, 2008. Light extinction, light scattering, and light absorption coefficients were continuously measured using a transmissometer, a nephelometer, and an aethalometer, respectively. In order to investigate the impact of aerosol chemistry on visibility impairment, size-resolved aerosols were collected at intervals of 2-hour (from 8 A.M. to 6 P.M.) and 14-hour (from 6 P.M. to 8 A.M.) interval each sampling day. The average light extinction coefficient and the average visual range were measured to be $270{\pm}135\;Mm^{-1}$ and $14.5{\pm}6.3\;km$ during the intensive monitoring period, respectively. It was revealed that sulfate particle was the largest contributor to the light extinction under hazy condition. Organic mass accounted for about 26% of the average light extinction. The mass extinction efficiencies for $PM_{1.0}$, $PM_{2.5}$, and $PM_{10}$ were estimated to be 9.0, 4.7, and $2.7\;m^2\;g^{-1}$ under the consideration of water growth function of hygroscopic aerosols, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.100-113
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• 2012

In the midst of recent active excavation, lots of Silla(新羅) roof-end tiles are unearthed in Yeongnam area(嶺南地域). These are confirmed the same tile frame as the Silla tiles excavated in Gyeongju(慶州). It is represented by the Silla tiles excavated in Ingaksa Temple(麟角寺) excavation research. Roof-end tile with arabesque design(唐草文平瓦當) etc. including roof-end tile with lotus design(蓮花文圓瓦當) are judged to be the tile frame produced by the same frame of roof-end tile that was excavated in Gyeongju, Wolseong(月城) and Hwangyongsa Temple(皇龍寺址). There are three kinds of cases concerning the transportation of tile manufacture ; the roof-end tile manufactured in Gyeongju directly moved to each region, only tile frame moved to site to be manufactured there, and tile manufacturer moved to site to manufacture there. This article considers the case of the roof-end tile manufactured in Gyeongju that was directly moved to each region. In case of the Silla tiles excavated in region especially Ingaksa Temple, the aspects of tiles in accordance with different era show the repeated coexistence, expansion and maintenance. This situation is significant as a clue to understand the supply from Gyeongju not as temporary, but as continuous. On the other hand, if the Gyeongju tiles flowed directly into each region, and if the road was built of gravels and the means of transportation was cart, the damage from movement must never be prevented. On the contrary, transportation through waterway might be advantageous due to the reduction of labor and damage rate and the easiness of loading. Accordingly, it tells us why the ruins where roof-end tiles were excavated located near big and small rivers or streams. Of course there are some ruins located in a fixed distance, but the distance may be enough to endure the impact put on tiles from the overland movement. Therefore, in case of direct inflow form long distance, transportation must be finished by overland movement after waterway movement.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.26-28
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• 2007

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.285-294
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• 2004

Rather than focusing on the general recognition of the area and extensive preference about its native cuisine, this study carried out more practical examination on the recognition of the native cuisine by presenting the more detailed introduction of the native cuisine in Hadong area. The findings of this study can be used as basic materials to devise measures for the instillation and advertisement of Hadong area's image, the development and maintenance of its native cuisine benefiting the activation of the local economy, and the reestablishment of Hadong area's native cuisine culture. First, the overall recognition of Hadong area's native cuisine was low and more consumption needs to be boosted by merchandising its foods through the strengthening of recognition. Second, correlation between this area's native cuisine was revealed and tables need to be set and menus need to be organized with this correlation in mind. Basic materials for suggestion sale were garnered. Third, given that most outside tourists visit Hadong by word mouth of all the information sources available, it is highly likely that positive word of mouth through satisfaction with native cuisine will raise the overall recognition of the area. Fourth, precise subdivision market and target market need to be specified. Though the factors like economic costs and the time required cannot be overlooked in strengthening recognition, consistent advertisement to the middle-aged people who are over 40 and live in Kyungsang-Do area will contribute to the fast rise in the recognition of Hadong area's native cuisine, leading to the possibility of economic development in the process.