• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.147-157
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• 1974

This study was undertaken to observe the effect of sesame in the diet of rats (Splague Dowley). Comparisons were made of weight gains, organ weights and the cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride content of the blood serum and liver tissue. Rats weighing 67-80 g were used for the study, while rats weighing 160-165 g were used in the study. In the both studies, the experimental animals were fed on sesame mixtures for 24 weeks. The study was conducted to determine the effect of sesame hulls which are known to contain a high proportion of oxalic acid and phytic acid, which are toxic substances causing various physical disorders. The rats were divided into four groups, a control group which was fed on a standard diet and three groups fed with 20%, 10% and 5% mixtures of sesame seed hulls respectively. The study was designed to observe the same effect, but in this case the rats were divided into two groups, one fed with a 5% mixture of whole sesame seeds and the other with a 5% mixture of dehulled seeds. The results are as follows: 1) An examination of weight gains showed that group I and II which were fed on 20% and 10% mixture of sesame hulls were significantly retarded in comparison with the control group(P<0. 05). 2) Comparisons of organ weights, group I (20% mixture) showed relatively lower weights(P<0.05). 3) The cholesterol content of the blood serum and liver tissue of group I (20% mixture) and group II (10% mixture) were significantly higher than that of the control. 4) The group fed on the whole sesame seed diet and that fed on the dehulled seed diet differed significantly from each other. 5) With the results stated above, the investigators could observe that a high content of sesame hulls in the diet caused retardation in growth and might be the cause of many physical disorders. Though these effects are not important in Korea at present, the increasing intake of sesame seeds and oils indicates that it may become an important problems.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.716-723
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was conducted to improve the quality characteristics of pork intestine through different pretreatment processes. Methods: We washed pork intestine by both physical (tap water, UV, and sonication) and chemical methods (alcohol, acetic acid, flour and NaCl) as pretreatment process. The physicochemical (pH, color, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)) and microbial properties of pre-treated pork small intestine were evaluated. Results: The nature of the pretreatment method influenced the pH value of pork small intestine. The acetic acid treatment resulted in the lowest pH value. In physical method, the color value and the number of microorganism were significantly affected by sonication as compared to other treatments. TBARS value of pork small intestine after all the treatments was lower than the control. However, VBN exhibited no significant differences in its value irrespective of the nature of treatment. Appearance and control exhibited lowest value in response to sonication treatment. However, off-flavor and overall acceptability were higher in sonication treatment than other treatments. In chemical method involving NaCl and flour treatments, lightness and redness were lower than other treatments. Lowest VBN and TBARS values were noted in alcohol and acetic acid treatmentsand no growth of E. coli and coliform bacteria was observed. The other treatments resulted in lower values of VBN, TBARS, and microbial counts than the control. Appearance and color value after alcohol, acetic acid, and flour treatment were lower than the control and NaCl treatment. Off-flavor and overall acceptability of by-product after alcohol, flour, and NaCl treatments were higher than the control and acetic acid treatment. Conclusion: Overall, we present NaCl treatment and sonication treatment in the form of a combination pretreatment method as the optimal condition for processing pork intestine.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.390-394
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to determine the optimal storage condition of pre-packed Hanwoo beef without freezing. Hanwoo loin was purchased from a local distributor at 48 h after slaughter, then sliced in $1.5{\pm}0.5$ cm thickness, and packed in a polyethylene (PE) tray covered with linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) film. The studied factors to set the optimal storage condition were chamber temperature (5, 2.5 and $-1^{\circ}C$ for 14 d), cooling method (direct and indirect cooling system), and ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation for beef surface sterilization (0, 30, 60, and 120 min). The changes of pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and number of aerobic bacteria were measured during storage. Beef samples stored in $-1^{\circ}C$ showed the minimal increasing rate in TBARS and microbial growth. After 15 d of storage, there was no significant difference in pH and TBARS values. However, the microbial population of beef stored in direct type cooling chamber ($4.25{\pm}0.66$ Log CFU/g) was significantly lower than that of beef stored in indirect type chamber ($6.47{\pm}0.08$ Log CFU/g) (p<0.05). After 4 d of storage, 60 or 120 min UV light irradiated beef samples showed significantly lower microbial population, and at 14 d of storage, 60 min UV irradiated beef sample showed significantly lower microbial population ($3.14{\pm}0.43$ Log CFU/g) than control ($4.46{\pm}0.13$ Log CFU/g) (p<0.05). However, TBARS values of 60 or 120 min UV light irradiated beef samples were significantly higher than non-irradiated beef sample after 4 d of storage (p<0.05).

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1007-1013
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary complex enzyme (${\beta}$-mannanase 800 IU/kg and xylanase 700 IU/kg) in a diet containing corn distiller's dried grain with soluble (DDGS) on meat quality and pork fatty acid composition. Ninety-six pigs ([(Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Duroc], with an average body weight of 68.77 kg were used in the 8 wk growth assay. Dietary treatments included 1) corn-soybean meal diet, 2) corn-soybean meal diet + 0.05% enzyme complex, 3) cornsoybean meal diet with DDGS and 4) corn-soybean meal diet with DDGS + 0.05% enzyme complex. The pigs were allotted randomly into pens (n=4 per pen) with six replicate pens per treatment by a completely randomized design. Pigs were slaughtered at the end of the experiment and the loin muscle was obtained for meat quality. Meat pH (p<0.01), firmness (p<0.01) and redness (p<0.05) were higher in DDGS-supplemented diet than in the corn-soy bean meal diet. However, color, marbling, lightness, yellowness, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, water holing capacity, driploss, cooking loss and loin muscle area were not significantly different among the diets. The pigs fed the DGGS-supplemented diet had higher total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and total UFA/saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio of loin and backfat. The results indicate that a diet containing DDGS can influence pH, firmness, redness and total UFA concentration and total UFA/SFA ratio of meat and backfat, but that enzyme addition has no affect on meat quality.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.232-238
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• 2013

An experiment was conducted to determine the content of phenolics and flavonoids, antioxidant activity and antioxidant enzyme status for the extracts from 5 and 7-day old sprouts (DOS) of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). Total phenolics [mg ferulic acid equivalents (FAE) $kg^{-1}$ DW] content was highest in cotyledon extracts (48.8 mg $kg^{-1}$), followed by roots (30.8 mg $kg^{-1}$) and hypocotyl (22.2 mg $kg^{-1}$) extracts (p < 0.05) from 5 DOS. The result of total flavonoid level [mg rutin equivalents $kg^{-1}$ DW] had same tendency to the results of total phenolics, showing lower amount ranges. The antioxidant activity of the methanol extracts from all the plant dose-dependently increased. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical) free radical scavenging activity was higher in cotyledon extracts (82.5%) than in root (52.6%) or hypocotyl parts (35.0%) from 5 DOS. Among antioxidant enzymes, APX and CAT activities were highest in cotyledon part and POX and SOD activities in root part of 5 and 7 DOS. The results showed that total phenolics content ($r^2$ = 0.1516~0.9911) were more highly correlated with antioxidant activity than total flavonoids level ($r^2$ = 0.0113~0.9442), and that the level and activity of physiological-active substances were different depending on plant part of the sprout.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.205-212
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• 2010

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of dietary protein level and phase feeding regimens on performance, carcass characteristics and pork quality in growing-finishing pigs. In both experiments, growing pigs (n=90; barrows; Landrace $\times$ Yorkshire $\times$ Duroc) were allotted to 3 treatments. Each treatment had 3 replicate pens comprising 10 pigs in each. In Exp. 1, pigs (average body weight $25.06{\pm}0.57\;kg$) were fed diets having low (17.50-14.50-12.51%), medium (19.49-17.50-13.87%) or high (22.47-19.49-16.36%) CP concentration (LP, MP and HP diets, respectively) diets during grower-finisher I-finisher II phases, respectively. Feeding of MP diet resulted in higher (P<0.05) ADG and better FCR than pigs fed LP diet. Pigs fed HP diet had lower (P<0.05) pork color and marbling score. Meat of pigs fed LP diet had higher (P<0.05) Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), while meat of pigs fed HP and LP diets had greater drip loss than pigs fed MP diet. In addition, meat from pigs fed LP diet was darker while meat of pigs fed HP and MP diets was paler and redder. In Exp. 2, pigs (average body weight $10.40{\pm}0.61\;kg$) were subjected during 126 days to three or four phase regimes of different duration. The treatments T1 and T2 were subjected to four phase feeding regimens (grower I, grower II, finisher I and finisher II) for 22, 42, 32 and 30 days (T1) and 40, 40, 25 and 21 days (T2), respectively, while T3 was subjected to three phase feeding regimen (grower I, grower II and finisherI) for 40, 56 and 30 days, respectively. Duration of phase feeding regimens had no effect (P>0.05) on the performance, carcass traits and meat quality of pigs. These results suggest that both high and low levels of CP have a negative effect on performance and pork quality; however, alterations in the phase feeding regimens do not have any discernible effect on the performance and pork quality in growing-finishing pigs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.834-839
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• 2017

Propolis is a natural product collected from plants by honey bees product used extensively in traditional medicine for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anti-cancer effects. Propolis exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities because it is a complex mixture of natural substances. Ovarian cancer is the second most common newly diagnosed cancer from all cancers among women in Korea and the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancies. While most ovarian cancer patients initially respond to surgical debulking and chemotherapy, patients later succumb to the disease. Thus, there is an urgent need to test novel therapeutic agents to counteract the high mortality rate associated with ovarian cancer. In this study, we investigated the anti-cancer properties and the active mechanism of Australian propolis in human epithelial ovarian cancer A2780 cells. Our data revealed that propolis showed a cytotoxic activity in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis for cell cycle arrest and apoptosis using propidium iodide staning and annexin V-FITC indicated that propolis could induce cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner on human epithelial ovarian cancer cells. These results suggest that the Australian propolis is potential alternative agent on ovarian cancer prevention and treatment.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.322-330
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• 2006

Sixteen semimembranous muscles were removed from sixteen left pig carcasses. They were cut into $7{\times}10{\times}2cm$ pieces and mixed randomly. Samples were assigned to four treatments: (T1) soy-based sauce; (T2) Kimchi-based sauce; (T3) pickled shrimp-based sauce; and (T4) onion-based sauce. Each sample was aged in a plastic box at $1^{\circ}C$ for 10 days, then vacuum packed and held at $1^{\circ}C$ for 28 days. The lightness and redness values of the aged pork were, in most cases, significantly increased on the surface and in the interior (p<0.05) by day 28 for all treatments, relative to day 1. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value significantly (p<0.05) increased for T1 and T4 from day 1 until day 14, but decreased after 14 days of storage (p<0.05). The TBARS value for T3 decreased with storage time (p<0.05), although there was no difference between 14 and 28 days. The total volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) content increased significantly with storage time (p<0.05) for all treatments, with the exception of T2. Total plate counts (TPC) increased significantly (p<0.05) with increasing storage time for all treatments. On day 1, T2 had the highest TPC value (p<0.05), while T4 was lowest (p<0.05). On 28 day, T2 had the lowest TPC value (p<0.05), while T3 was highest (p<0.05). E. coli levels showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease with increased storage for T1, T2 and T4. These results indicate that T2 was move effective at inhibiting the growth of E. coli than the other pork samples. The levels of Lactobacillus spp. increased with storage time for all samples. These results suggest that traditional Korean ingredients could be utilized to extend the shelf-life of aged pork during storage.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.161-167
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• 2011

Sialolith is one of the most common pathologic conditions found in the salivary glands. The mechanisms responsible for the formation of sialoliths have not been elucidated so far. In this article, the chemical composition and micromorphology of a sialolith of a 58-year old female patient suffering from chronic sialoadenitis of the submandibular gland was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). In a SEM evaluation, the highly mineralized amorphous core surrounded by lamellar and concentric structures was revealed, however no foreign body, organic material, or signs of microorganism were observed in the core of the sialolith. EDX analysis showed the central core was composed of only Ca, O and P, and that a high level of C was detected near the central area as well. These results indicated that the inorganic composition of the sialolith was hydroxyapatite crystals, and that inorganic and organic substances existed around the central cores. This study suggests that the sialolith was composed mainly of hydroxyapatite crystals and the formation of the nucleus of the sialolith in the submandibular gland duct was secondary to sialadenitis, which favors the growth of an inorganic crystalline nucleus.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.66-93
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• 1979

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, which has been known for more than EWO years. occupies a Particular prince in folk medicine as so called tonic remedy. The pharmacolgical investigations of ginseng, based on the scientific concepts and methodology, have been performed by many researchers through the past 50∼60 years at different parts of the world. The pharmacological action of Panax ginseng compiled from the numerous reports can be summarized as follows: 1. On central nervous system, the effect of Panax ginseng is timulatory in smaller doses and somewhat depressive in larger doses. From the psychopharmacological aspect, ginseng seems to increase the mental efficiency of man. 2. Ginseng has the effect tending to Protect organism from various physical and chemical stresses. 3. The growth and basal metabolic rates of experimental animals are stimulated by ginseng. Ginseng also prolongs the survival time of animals under adverse influences. 4. Increasing the physical and mental efficiency, ginseng postpones the onset of fatigue and increases the working capacities. 5. In the case of the intravenous administration of ginseng, a transitory and slight hypotensive effect is observed. These hypotensive effects seems to include that of a direct action and actions related to the release of histamine and/or serotonin by ginseng. 6. It is Presumed that ginseng lowers the elevated bleed ingar and cholesterol level. 7. Ginseng tends to increase the gastrointestinal motizity and tone 8. It is presumed that ginseng Promotes the iron metabolism and activates the hematopoietic factors. 9. Ginseng tends to stimulate the biosynthesis of nucleic acid and release of histamine and serotonin. 10. The toxicity end adverse reactions of ginseng appear to be nothing that warrants apprehension. 11. Anticancer erects of ginseng seem to be due to indirect action rather than direct action on cancer cell, by improving the host condition 12. Recent clinical trials of ginseng harts obtained sent good results, but Present trial is still limited in its range, so it is necessary to broaden the scope of trial covering many kinds of organs and diseases. From the above, although it appears that substantial advancements have been achieved in the studies on the Pharmacological actions of Panax ginseng there are many discrepancies noticed in the reported data. Furthermore the precise mechanisms of actions of ginseng are sometimes obscure, even unknown in other actions as the students stand now. The main reasons for this are considered to be that even though saponin has been identified at one of the active substances of ginseng, other components have not fully been identified and that the experimental approaches of the investigations varied with different researchers. Thus a thorough analysis of the chemical components and newer standardized concepts and metohds appear to be the pre-requisites for further study of the pharmacolgical effects and mechaisms of Panax ginseng.