• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.251-259
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• 2011

The aim of this is to examine the effects of SSP therapy on the internal carotid arteries blood flow of 24 tension type headache patients(study group) and non tension type headache patients(control group), and on the reduction of their headaches, when applied to the acupuncture points. It stimulated the acupuncture point of headache 6 place with the SSP. It measured VAS and the blood flow of the internal carotid arteries with TCD. When the internal carotid arteries blood flow of study group and control group were compared by period, a significant difference was found in the 4th period(p<.05). When the Visual Analog Scale of study group and control group were compared by period, a significant difference was found in the 4th period(p<.05). The comparison of each measurement result of the internal carotid arteries blood flow of the study group found significantly increased. The comparison of each measurement result of the VAS of study group found significantly decreased. With regard to the control group, the VAS significantly decreased. The silver spike point low frequency electrical stimulation treatment, when applied to the acupuncture point, can significantly influence the internal carotid arteries blood flow of headache patients and can significantly reduce their headaches.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.50-56
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• 2013

The analysis of performance characteristics was carried out in the plate type evaporator with counter and parallel flow. To investigate performance of evaporator with water inlet temperature and refrigerant mass flow rate were changed. As a result, when the inlet temperature of water is $8^{\circ}C$, capacity of parallel flow evaporator higher than counter flow is 0.35%. But as the inlet temperature of water rises from $8^{\circ}C$ to $16^{\circ}C$, capacity of counter flow type evaporator higher than parallel flow type is 0.12%, 0.27%, 1.1%, 1.6%, respectively. The findings showed that counter flow type evaporator has a larger capacity than those that were parallel flow type evaporator. As the refrigerant mass flow rate rises, capacity and pressure drop increases in the counter and parallel flow type evaporator.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.435-439
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• 2005

To determine the appropriate concentration of papaverine hydrochloride(PPV) for therapeutic intraarterial infusion against cerebral vasospasm and to measure the mean blood flow velocity of the middle cerebral artery in rabbits. Vasospasm was induced in the experimental groups (3 days after infusion; group 1, n=3, 7 days after infusion; group 2, n=3) and a control group (n=l) by placing a blood clot in the subarachnoid space around the top of the internal carotid siphon. PPV (5 mg/kg) was infused into the internal carotid artery. The vascular diameters of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) were measured on angiograms before and after infusion. The mean blood flow velocity in the MCA was measured on transcranial doppler sonograms before and 24 hours after infusion. After fixation, the MCA was dissected out, stained, and examined microscopically. After PPV infusion in both groups, vascular dilatation of about $20\%$ was seen. The mean increase in blood flow velocity in the group $1(30\%)$ was smaller than in the group $2(70\%)$. The mean blood flow velocity in the MCA decreased by about $30\%$ in both groups, but increased again after 24 hours nearly to the level before PPV infusion. PPV infusion may be more effective in early stages of vasospasm when vascular walls have fewer histologic changes.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.37-42
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to determine whether percutaneous interferential current stimulation on thoracic sympathetic ganglia with amplitude modulated frequency (AMF) $90\~100$ bps and subthreshold of muscle contraction for 10 minutes on peripheral blood flow velocity in healthy subjects. Thirty-seven healthy volunteers were assigned randomly into an experimental group (n=25) and a control group (n=12). the experimental group received interferential current stimulation with subthreshold of the muscle contraction of current at AMF $90\~100$ bps on $1st\~5th$ thoracic sympathetic ganglial region for 10 minutes. The control group received same handling and electode placement, but no current was applied. Using a Doppler blood flow meter, the radial arterial blood flow velocities and the pulse raters were determined for two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures on time and group. There were no significant difference between the two groups with respect to the changes in arterial blood flow velocity and pulse rate over the four measurement times. Interferential current stimulation did not change in mean blood flow velocity and pulse rate. We conclude that interferential current stimulation on the thoracic sympathetic ganglia, as used in this study, did not dilate peripheral artery. This results suggests that interferential current stimulation dose not alter the activtiy of sympathetic nerve.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.268-277
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• 2009

Ginsenosides are among the most well-known traditional herbal medicines frequently used for the treatment of cardiovascular symptoms in South Korea. The anti-ischemic effects of compound K (CK), a metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1, on ischemia-induced isolated rat hearts were investigated through the analyses of the changes in the hemodynamics (blood pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow, and cardiac output) and the measurement of the infarct region. The subjects in this study were divided into four groups: the normal control, the CK-alone group, the ischemia-induced group without any treatment, and the ischemia-induced group treated with CK. No significant differences in perfusion pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow, and cardiac output were found between the groups before ischemia was induced. The oxygen and buffer supply was stopped for 30 min to induce ischemia 60 min after reperfusion in the isolated rat hearts, and the CK was administered 5 min before ischemia induction. The CK treatment significantly prevented decreases in perfusion pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow, and cardiac output under ischemic conditions. In addition, the hemodynamics (except for the heart rate) of the group treated with CK significantly recovered 60 min after reperfusion, unlike in the control group. CK significantly limited the infarct. These results suggest that CK treatment has distinct anti-ischemic effects in an exvivo model of an ischemia-reperfusion-induced rat heart.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.1798-1802
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• 2007

The practice of business estimate flood discharge by rainfall-flow relation that is easy collection of observation data. The important factor is rainfall, coefficient of runoff, and drainage area for analysis of runoff-flow relation.The practice of business usually use probability rainfall that use a weighted average value after each observation post estimate probability of non-same time. It has more error than same time probability rainfall, and it can excess of estimation because it can't consider space distribution of rainfall.The study of result showed similar aspect with existing ARF but width of coefficient become smaller. And the comparison of peak flow did not different what used by ARF and same time probability rainfall(A group). But non-same time probability rainfall is bigger 25% more than another(B group). Between A group and B group of the difference increased with the lapse of time.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.27 no.A
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• pp.95-102
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• 2007

The practice of business estimate flood discharge by rainfall-flow relation that is easy collection of observation data. The important factor is rainfall, coefficient of runoff, and drainage area for analysis of runoff-flow relation. The practice of business usually use probability rainfall that use a weighted average value after each observation post estimate probability of non-same time. It has more error than same time probability rainfall, and it can excess of estimation because it can't consider space distribution of rainfall. The study of result showed similar aspect with existing ARF but width of coefficient become smaller. And the comparison of peak flow did not different what used by ARF and same time probability rainfall(A group). But non-same time probability rainfall is bigger 25% more than another(B group). Between A group and B group of the difference increased with the lapse of time.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.185-191
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• 2023

Objective: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a treatment method for pain, and it can be divided into conventional TENS (C-TENS) and acupuncture-like TENS (A-TENS). More recently, high power lasers have increasingly been used to reduce pain caused by arthritis, residual neuralgia, and musculoskeletal disorders. The aim of this study was to compare the laser needle with C-TENS and A-TENS in terms of pain and blood flow in healthy people, as well as to confirm that the laser needle can replace TENS to treat pain. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: The selected participants were divided using Minimize computer software into a laser group (n=13), a C-TENS group (n=13), and an A-TENS group (n=14); they underwent a pre-test for blood flow and pain in their forearm. The three groups received their respective interventions; they then underwent a second pain and blood flow test on the same spot. Results: No significant differences were observed in the A-TENS group between the pre- and post-tests, and a comparison among the three groups revealed no significant differences between the laser needle group and the C-TENS group in terms of pain. Regarding blood flow, no significant differences were found between the pre- and post-tests in the laser needle group; a comparison among the three groups only revealed a significant between the laser needle and A-TENS groups. Conclusions: This study confirmed that the laser needle can be used to treat pain when it is necessary to control blood flow.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of manipulation on the velocity of cerebral blood flow and level of pain in cervicogeinc headache patients. The velocity of cerebral blood flow of 30 cervicogeinc headache patients(male=15, female=15, age=$24.00{\pm}3.60$) and 33 normal subjects(male=15, female=18, age=$23.27{\pm}3.00$) was compared. The 30 cervicogeinc headache patients were divided into suboccipitalis relaxation group, cervical manipulation group, and placebo group, and each were given different interventions. The velocity of cerebral blood flow and pain level was measured before intervention, and 1, 2, 3 weeks after intervention. The velocity of cerebral blood flow was measured with the Transcranial Doppler(TCD), and pain level was measured with visual analog scale(VAS). Blood flow velocity of middle cerebral artery in cervicogeinc headache patients was slower than those in healthy subjects. Physical therapy intervention did not have significant effect on velocity of cerebral blood flow, but slowly decreased at intervention for pain level increased. The suboccipitalis relaxation group and cervical manipulation group showed significant effect in decreasing pain level compared to the placebo group(p<.05). Directly applied manipulation therapy in the neck area not only has effect on joint of cervical and soft tissue but also on blood vessels and nerves which pass the neck area, and because of those results of manual therapy seems to help recovery.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.121-126
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• 2020

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical outcomes of autogenous brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistulas and to investigate the factors associated with 1-year patency after initiation of hemodialysis. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 41 patients who underwent surgery to create an autogenous brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistula between January 2015 and December 2017, received hemodialysis at the same hospital for longer than 1 year, and were monitored for their vascular access status. Intraoperative flow was measured using transit-time ultrasonography. Results: The 1-year primary and secondary patency rates were 61% (n=25) and 87.8% (n=36), respectively. The functional group (subjects who required no intervention to maintain patency within the first year after hemodialysis initiation) displayed a significantly higher median intraoperative flow rate (450 mL/min) than the non-functional group (subjects who required intervention at least once regardless of 1-year patency) (275 mL/min) (p=0.038). Based on a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, all patients were additionally subdivided into a high-flow group (>240 mL/min) and a low-flow group (≤240 mL/min). The high-flow group included a significantly greater number of functional brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistulas than the low-flow group (74.2% vs. 20%, respectively; p=0.007). Conclusion: Transit-time flow, as measured with intraoperative transit-time ultrasonography, was associated with patency without the need for intervention at 1 year after initiation of hemodialysis.