• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.99-106
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• 2010

We investigated springs in Seoul in 2009 to know the change of water quality according to storage method of spring water, the concentration of chemical compounds and their correlation. Even spring water that originally satisfied national standard for drinking water could be exceeded national standard for drinking water by storage method such as storage bottle, temperature and period; especially used PET bottles could affect the increase of total colony counts. Therefore, spring water is desirable to be consumed on the spot, or to be stored in sterilized bottles in refrigerator rather than room temperature at home, and also to be consumed shortly not exceeding 24 hours. Total colony counts, coliform, yersinia, $F^-$, $Cl^-$, $NO_3^--N$, hardness, total Solids, pH, color and Al were exceeded national standard for drinking water at some springs. The result of correlation analysis shows that hardness and total solids, which are caused by several ionic compounds, had relatively high correlations with other chemical compounds.

• 지질공학
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.191-205
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• 1997

백제 시대의 대표적인 문화재들이 다수 출토된 무령왕릉을 포함한 송산리 고분군에 대한 고분벽체의 거동을 장기적으로 계측하여 분석하였다. 본 연구는 송산리 고분군의 안정성을 판단하여 보존대착을 수립하기위한 목적으로 이루어졌으며, 각 고분의 중요지점에 총 11개의 2축 경사변화측정센서를 설치하고 매 20분마다 자동계측하여 약 15개월 동안 (1996년 7월 14일~1997년 9월 30일) 관측을 실시하였다. 무령왕릉의 벽체거동은 연도입구의 호벽이 최대거동을 보여 직각변위(N-S Tilt) 성분이 2.3mm/m/yr로 남쪽방향인 전실쪽으로 거동하고 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 무령왕릉 현실 서측벽의 남쪽 등 상감 상부의 벽돌이 1971년 발굴 이후 남쪽으로 기울어진 병형을 보이며 고분구조가 남쪽 방향으로 거동함을 증명하고 있다. 현실 동측벽의 거동 또한 1.523mm/m/yr로 현실 내부로의 거동이 심한편이다. 더구나 우기에는 그 변위가 약 2배에 달하는 것으로 판단되어 고분군 주위의 지반이 침투수에 노출되는 우기에는 고분의 구조안전에 심각한 문제가 있는 것으로 판단된다. 5호분은 전체적으로 벽체의 전후방향 거동이 벽체의 전단방향 변위보다 크게 나타난다. 또한 틸트의 급격한 불연속은 없고 일정한 방향으로 계속적인 미약한 변동을 보이고 있다. 6호분 역시 건기의 최대 거동 수치가 8.8mm/m/yr로써 다른 고분의 우기시의 거동수치를 훨씬 초과한다. 고분벽체의 대.소의 변형 사건은 강수 및 온도변화와 밀접한 관련성이 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 온도변화에 의한 벽체거동의 영향은 고분내의 온도가 급격히 상승할 때는 온도가 일정하게 유지될 때보다 거동 비율이 훨씬 크다. 상승했던 온도가 다시 하강되면 벽체는 온도가 상승하기 전의 상태로는 돌아가지 않고 잔여변형을 발생시켜 영구변형으로 남게 되는 이력현상을 보이고 있다. 또한, 무령왕릉 주변의 지하수위 관측 결과 현재 고분축조부지의 배수체계가 원지반보다 불량함을 의미하여, 불량한 배수체계는 고분의 구조안전에 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다. 이와같이 고분군에 발생한 모든 변위들은 발굴 후 인위적인 환경변화와 지속적인 강우침투의 영향과 배수불랴으로 인한 주변지반 및 내벽의 물성치의 저하로 인하여 고분의 내벽에 상당량의 변위가 발생한 것으로 판단된다. 무령왕릉 벽체거동 특성 분석 결과 무엇보다 강우침투 및 지아수유입을 막는 차수대책이 시급하며, 고분내에 있는 제습기에 의한 상승효과흐 제거하여야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 환경생물
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.272-280
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• 2016

Changes in land use and increase in urban energy consumption influence urban life. This study analyzed the characteristics and patterns of urban heat and presents management schemes to generate a comfortable and sustainable urban environment. The study aimed to demonstrate the positive effects of artificial ground greening on improving the microclimate through evapotranspiration using perennial herbs. We have designed a chamber that could control constant temperature and humidity, measure temperature reductions in each plant and changes in sensible heat and latent heat. This study identified Sedum kamtschaticum as the most effective plant in controlling temperature. At $22^{\circ}C$, $3.2^{\circ}C$ temperature reduction was observed, whereas four other plants showed a $1.5^{\circ}C$ reduction. At $25^{\circ}C$, $2.0^{\circ}C$ temperature reduction was observed. On the other hand, the use of Sedum sarmentosum resulted in the lowest effect. Zoysia japonica is the most commonly used ground covering plant, although the temperature reduction of Lysimachia nummularia was more effective at high temperature conditions. Sensible heat and latent heat were calculated to evaluate the thermal performance of energy. At a temperature >$30^{\circ}C$, L. nummularia and S. sarmentosum emitted high latent heat. In this study, we analyzed the thermal performance of green roof perennial plants; in particular, we analyzed the evapotranspiration and temperature reduction of each plant. Since the substrate depth and types, plant species, and seasonal change may influence temperature reduction and latent heat of green roofs, further studies are necessary.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.24-32
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• 1996

This paper described on relation between the catches of tuna and the distribution of water temperature of eastern fishing ground of Tropical region in the Pacific Ocean. The data of catches and water temperature used in this paper were based log book which # 27 CHENG RONG(Gross tonnage : 399 ton) had been worked eastern fishing ground(Lat : 09$^{\circ}$N- 14$^{\circ}$S, Long : 115$^{\circ}$- 149$^{\circ}$W)from January to October, 1991. The obtained result are as follows : 1. On the relation between the catches and the geographical distribution, bigeye tuna was higher catches at Lat 4$^{\circ}$- 9$^{\circ}$N, Long 135$^{\circ}$- 139$^{\circ}$W area in the equatorial counter current region where surface water temperature was range of 27.5$^{\circ}C$ to 27.9$^{\circ}C$, yellowfin tuna was higher catches at Lat 4$^{\circ}$- 9$^{\circ}$S, Long 145$^{\circ}$- 149$^{\circ}$W in the south equatorial current region where surface water temperature was range of 28.$0^{\circ}C$ to 28.4$^{\circ}C$ and albacore tuna was higher catches at Lat 10$^{\circ}$- 14$^{\circ}$S, Long 120$^{\circ}$- 124$^{\circ}$W area in the south equatorial current region where surface temperature was range of 26.5$^{\circ}C$ to 26.9$^{\circ}C$ 2. On the relation between catches and distribution of vertical water temperature, bigeye tuna was higher catches at the water temperature of 1$0^{\circ}C$ to 12$^{\circ}C$ on depth layer between 300m and 360m, yellowfin tuna was higher catches at the water temperature of 15$^{\circ}C$ to 19$^{\circ}C$ on depth layer between 180m and 280m and albacore tuna was higher catches at the water temperature of 12$^{\circ}C$ to 14$^{\circ}C$ on depth layer between 280m and 310m. Above the result, it seemed that bigeye tuna distributed deeper layer than yellowfin and albacore tuna.

• 한국지열·수열에너지학회논문집
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2014

Government has recently restricted heating and cooling set temperatures for the commercial and public buildings due to increasing national energy consumption. The goal of this paper is to visualize a future two way indoor set temperature control impact on building energy consumption by using TRNSYS simulation modeling. The building was modelled based on the twin test cell with the same dimension. Air source ground coupled heat pump performance data has been used for modeling by TRNSYS 17. Daejeon weather data has been used from Korea Solar Energy Society. The heating set temperature in the reference room is $24^{\circ}C$ as well as the target room set temperature are $23^{\circ}C$, $22^{\circ}C$, $21^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$. The cooling set temperature of the reference room is also $24^{\circ}C$ as well as the target room set temperature of $25^{\circ}C$, $26^{\circ}C$, $27^{\circ}C$ and $28^{\circ}C$. For the air source heat pump system, heating season energy consumption is $35.52kWh/m^2y$ in the reference room. But the heating energy consumption in the target room is reduced to 7.5% whenever the set temperature decreased every $1^{\circ}C$. The cooling energy consumption in the reference room is $4.57kWh/m^2y$. On the other hand, the energy consumption in the target room is reduced to 22% whenever the set temperature increased every $1^{\circ}C$ by two way controller. For the geothermal heat pump system, heating energy consumption in the reference room is reduced to 20.7%. The target room heating energy consumption is reduced to 32.6% when the set temperature is $22^{\circ}C$. The energy consumption in the target room is reduced to 59.5% when the set temperature is $26^{\circ}C$.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.1827-1831
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• 1969

Resulties of research on the capacity of ground water of 994 concrete-pipe-wells and 97 infiltration-gallerys in ground-water-developement-works region executed from March to Julyin 1969, in Choong Chung Nam Do, and research on the quality of ground water for 88 wells for home-use around of River Geum Area, are as fellows: (1) Thickness of aquifer is no more than 2.85m averagely even at river-overflowed plain, alluvial plain and valley plain area that are estimated to contain ground water mostly. And so, it is guessed that ground water capacity is not much especially. (2) Soil of aquifer of the above area is sand or gravel and it is estimated to be good for ground water developement and its mean permeability coefficient is bout $2.5{\times}10^{-3}$(m/sec), and its porosity is about 33.9%. (3) The quality of ground water is good for irrigation water exception of delta plain area. Warm water plan is to need for irrigation water when water temperature is less than 19 degrees below zero. (4) Prospect of ground water developement, judging from quality and quantity, expects to lay infiltration gallery under the ground at river bed in order to utilize under-flow-water of river bed, river-overflowed plain, alluvial plain and valley plain that ground level is less than 50m. (5) Collectable water volume of under-flow-water of river bed is about 450 to $750m^3/day$ to be able to irrigate 3ha to 5ha of the cultivated land in case that infiltration gallery length is 50m and its depth is about 5m. (6) Collectable water volume at river-overflowed plain, alluvial plain and valley plain area, is estimated $150m^3/day$ to be able to irrigated 1ha of the cultivated land.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.47-52
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• 2002

In this study, in order to find out relationship of green space distribution and lower air temperature effect, observed air temperature distribution in and out green space in the cloudy. On basis of the result, we are analyzed relationship of air temperature distribution in and out green space, of green space distribution and air temperature of, lower air temperature effect and the urban in between the green space by using regression analysis. According to the result, the higher temperature zone formed around urban, and the lower temperature zone was similar to shape of green space. In case of the green space, higher temperature zone is formed around paved surface and barren ground, lower temperature zone is done forest and water area. To compare air temperature of windward and leeward around green space, the windward formed the lower temperature zone and although the wind direction is not the leeward to the green space, air temperature formed lower temperature zone to the urban in between the green space.

• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2009년 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.316-320
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• 2009

Recently, concerns about conserving proper size of urban green spaces and accessibility are increasing, regarding it as a solution to diverse urban environmental problems including pollution, ecosystem deterioration, urban climate change. Artificial ground greening such as green roofs is regarded as the only alternative that can conserve green spaces which are impossible to be secured on the ground. However, green roofs are not popularized yet and levels are very low in provincial cities despite of related technology development and support systems of related agencies. Based on the background, this study tries to present a theoretical basis of methods for green roofs, conducting green roof simulations and collecting ideas about problems and improving measures from green roof users. Finally, it aims to offer base data which help establish policy direction for activation of green roof technology. As a result of a simulation for verifying temperature reduction effect, it was possible to affirm effect of a plot that green roofs applied. Especially, it was revealed that a green roof method using ground covers such as mixed planting was the most effective way to reduce temperature. Activation methods for green roofs based on this study are as follows: First, it is a priority to readjust systems related to green roofs. Second, citizens' active and voluntary participation must be attained. Third, it is required to establish detailed promotion procedures which aim at actual conduct and to maintain an expert department which is able to manage and control the establishment. After conduct, continuous aftercare stages are also needed.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.64-81
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• 2016

To analyze the influence of various groundwater flow rates (specific discharge) on BHE system with balanced and unbalanced energy loads under assuming same initial temperature (15℃) of ground and groundwater, numerical modeling using FEFLOW was used for this study. When groundwater flow is increased from 1 × 10⁻⁷ to 4 × 10⁻⁷m/s under balanced energy load, the performance of BHE system is improved about 26.7% in summer and 22.7% at winter time in a single BHE case as well as about 12.0~18.6% in summer and 7.6~8.7% in winter time depending on the number of boreholes in the grid, their array type, and bore hole separation in multiple BHE system case. In other words, the performance of BHE system is improved due to lower avT in summer and higher avT in winter time when groundwater flow becomes larger. On the contrary it is decreased owing to higher avT in summer and lower avT in winter time when the numbers of BHEs in an array are increased, Geothermal plume created at down-gradient area by groundwater flow is relatively small in balanced load condition while quite large in unbalanced load condition. Groundwater flow enhances in general the thermal efficiency by transferring heat away from the BHEs. Therefore it is highly required to obtain and to use adequate informations on hydrogeologic characterristics (K, S, hydraulic gradient, seasonal variation of groundwater temperature and water level) along with integrating groundwater flow and also hydrogeothermal properties (thermal conductivity, seasonal variation of ground temperatures etc.) of the relevant area for achieving the optimal design of BHE system.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.293-302
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• 2005

This study describes data from determination of the optimum mix proportion and site application of the mass concrete placed in bottom slab and side wall having a large depth and section as main structures of LNG in-ground tank. This concrete requires low heat hydration, excellent balance between workability and consistency because concreting work of LNG in-ground tank is usually classified by under-pumping, adaptation of longer vertical and horizontal pumping line than ordinary pumping condition. For this purpose, low heat Portland cement and lime stone powder as cementitious materials are selected and design factors including unit cement and water content, water-binder ratio, fine aggregate ratio and adiabatic temperature rising are tested in the laboratory and batch plant. As experimental results, the optimum unit cement and water content are selected under $270kg/m^3$ and $l55{\~}l60 kg/m^3$ separately to control adiabatic temperature rising below $30^{\circ}C$ and to improve properties of the fresh and hardened concrete. Also, considering test results of the confined water ratio($\beta$p) and deformable coefficient(Ep), $30\%$ of lime stone powder by cement weight is selected as the optimum replacement ratio. After mix proportions of 5cases are tested and compared the adiabatic temperature rising($Q^{\infty}$, r), tensile and compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, teases satisfied with the required performances are chosen as the optimum mix design proportions of the side wall and bottom slab concrete. $Q^{\infty}$ and r are proved smaller than those of another project. Before application in the site, properties of the fresh concrete and actual mixing time by its ampere load are checked in the batch plant. Based on the results of this study, the optimum mix proportions of the massive concrete are applied successfully to the bottom slab and side wall in LNG in-ground tank.