• Advances in environmental research
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.173-183
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• 2014

A comprehensive mathematical model was developed for this study to estimate on-site and off-site GHG emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The model was applied to three different hybrid WWTPs (S-WWTP, J-WWTP, and T-WWTP) including anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic process, located in Seoul City, South Korea. Overall on-site and off-site GHG emissions from S-WWTP, J-WWTP, and T-WWTP were $305,253kgCO_2e/d$, $282,682kgCO_2e/d$, and $117,942kgCO_2e/d$, respectively. WWTP treating higher amounts of wastewater produced more on-site and off-site GHG emissions. On average, the percentage contribution of on-site and off-site emissions was 3.03% and 96.97%. The highest amount of on-site GHG emissions was generated from anoxic process and the primary on-site GHG was nitrous oxide ($N_2O$). Off-site GHG emissions related to electricity consumption for unit operation was much higher than that related to production of chemicals for on-site usage. Recovery and reuse of biogas significantly reduced the total GHG emissions from WWTPs. The results obtained from this study can provide basic knowledge to understand the source and amount of GHG emissions from WWTPs and strategies to establish lower GHG emitting WWTPs.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.1371-1373
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• 2008

Recently, the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) is the most important international issue. In order to control efficiently GHG emissions and reduction, it is essential to establish GHG inventory preferentially. The aim of this study was to establish the GHG inventory of Korean railroad. The GHG sources were divided into direct and indirect emissions. The GHG released from the operation of rolling stocks was classified according to operating line and the kind of car. Finally, the GHG emission of Korean railroad can be managed systematically using this GHG inventory.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.636-643
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• 2020

This study developed a method for simulating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions considering changes in conditions that may occur during the actual operation of small ships. Additionally, we analyzed and compared the results of the proposed method with that of existing emission simulations according to life-cycle assessment (LCA), thus verifying the proposed method's effectiveness. Through the results of the study, we confirmed that the proposed method improves the simulation by considering emissions due to ship operation, whereas existing methods focus on emissions caused by raw material production. Additionally, the proposed method could identify and quantify the relationship between changes in operating conditions and GHG emissions. We expect this GHG emissions simulation technique to help improve the environmental performance of ships in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.225-241
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• 2007

A closed flux chamber system was used for measuring major greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from tideland and/or wetland soils in estuarine area at Saemankum, Kunsan in southwestern Korea during from months of February to June 2006. Hourly averaged GHG soil emissions were measured two to three times a day during the ebb tide hours only. Site soils were analyzed for soil parameters (temperature, pH, total organic contents, N and C contents in soil) in the laboratory. Soil GHG fluxes were calculated based on the GHG concentration rate of change measured inside a closed chamber The analysis of GHG was conducted by using a Gas Chromatography (equipped with ECD/FID) at laboratory. Changes of daily, monthly GHGs' fluxes were examined. The relationships between the GHG emissions and soil chemical contents were also scrutinized with respect to gas production and consumption mechanism in the soil. Soil pH was pH $7.47{\pm}0.49$ in average over the experimental period. Organic matter contents in sample soil was $6.64{\pm}4.98\;g/kg$, and it shows relatively lower contents than those in agricultural soils in Kunsan area. Resulting from the soil chemistry data, soil nitrogen contents seem to affect GHG emission from the tidal land surface. The tidal soil was found to be either source or sink for the major GHG during the experimental periods. The annual average of $CH_{4}\;and\;CO_{2}$ fluxes were $0.13{\pm}0.86\;mg\;m^{-2}h^{-1}\;and\;5.83{\pm}138.73\;mg\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$, respectively, which will be as a source of these gases. However, $N_{2}O$ emission showed in negative flux, and the value was $-0.02{\pm}0.66\;mg\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$, and it implies tidal land surface act as a sink of $N_{2}O$. Over the experimental period, the absolute values of gas fluxes increased with soil temperature in general. Averages of the ambient gas concentration were $86.8{\pm}6.\;ppm$ in $CO_{2},\;1.63{\pm}0.34\;ppm\;in\;CH_{4},\;and\;0.59{\pm}0.15\;ppm\;in\;N_{2}O$, respectively. Generally, under the presence of gas emission from agricultural soils, decrease of gas emission will be observed as increase in ambient gas concentration. We, however, could not found significant correlation between the ambient concentrations and their emissions over the experimental period. There was no GHG compensation points existed in tide flat soil.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.75-84
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• 2012

Current estimation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from livestock agriculture in Korea was based on Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (1996 IPCC GL) published in 1996 and emission data were published in National Inventory Report. New guideline book, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC GL), however, was published in 2006. Hence preparation to apply new guideline for the estimation of GHG emission would be necessary. In this study, 1996 IPCC GL and 2006 IPCC GL for livestock agriculture were compared. Estimated GHG emissions based on Tier 1 methods of 1996 IPCC GL and 2006 IPCC GL between 2000 and 2008 were also compared. Estimated GHG emissions based on 2006 IPCC GL were 1.27~1.33 times higher than those based on 1996 IPCC GL. These results were mainly caused by emission factors of each IPCC GL. More researches should be conducted to decrease uncertainties of national GHG inventories.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Advanced Composite Structures
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2016

There are only 10 projects of the domestic greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions trading scheme in building sector (i.e., 1.5% of 652 registered projects) because the certified methodologies to reduce GHG emissions can not be applied to building sector. This study presents remodeling techniques to reduce GHG emissions in existing buildings. First of all, preconditions and related regulations were reviewed. And then, a pool of factors for GHG reduction are selected and evaluated with respect to factors for reducing energy consumption. This study also investigates the criteria and the decision making process for remodeling techniques to reduce GHG emissions. Finally, the remodeling techniques using the decision making process were grouped based on redundancy of each effect. If reducing methodologies for GHG offset program can be developed using the analyzed remodeling techniques in this study, registered projects in building sector would be increase.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.150-160
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• 2014

Greenhouse gas (GHG) and Air Pollution (AP) emission inventories have been constructed and estimated independently up-to-date in Seoul. It causes difficulty in GHG and AP integrated management due to a difference in emission inventories. In this study, we constructed GHG and AP integrated emission inventories for direct and indirect sources in Seoul during the year 2010 in Energy activities for estimating GHG and AP emissions were derived from IPCC guideline, guidelines for local government greenhouse inventories, air pollutants calculation manual, and Indirect Emission Factors (IEF) reported by Korea Power Exchange. The annual GHG emission was estimated as 50,530,566 $tonCO_{2eq}$, of which 54.8% resulted from direct sources and the remaining 45.2% from indirect sources. Among direct sources, transportation sector emitted the largest GHG, accounting for 47.3% of the total emission from direct sources. As with indirect sources, purchased electricity sector only emitted 98.6% of the total emission from indirect sources. The annual AP emission was estimated as 283,701 tonAP, of which 85.9% was contributed by the combined AP emissions of transportation and fugitive sectors. Estimation of individual air pollutant showed that the largest source were transportation sector for CO, $NO_x$, TSP, $PM_{10}$ and NH3, non-energy sector for $SO_x$, and fugitive sector for VOCs. This study found some limitations in estimating GHG and AP integrated emissions, such as nonconforming emission inventories between GHG and AP, and no indirect AP emission factor of purchased electricity, and so on. Those should be further studied and improved for more effective GHG and AP integrated management.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.313-327
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• 2017

Korea has introduced Korea Emissions In 2015, the United Nations Conference on Climate Change (COP21) was held in Paris. The Paris Agreement indicates that all nations are in charge of mitigating climate change. Prior to COP21, 197 Parties submitted the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), which are greenhouse gas reduction targets. On June 30, 2015, Korea also submitted an NDC target of 37% reduction compared to BAU in 2030. However, Korea's NDC was evaluated as "Inadequate" by the Climate Action Tracker (CAT). In addition, the domestic environmental group expressed a negative opinion as well. In view of this situation, it is necessary to conduct an objective assessment of quantitative analysis of NDC goals in Korea. The goal of this study is to evaluate NDC of Korea by comparing with those of OECD member countries. For comparative analysis, data such as population, GDP, primary energy supply affecting GHG emissions were obtained from the OECD homepage. The results indicate that emission reduction goal of 37% of Korea was $4^{th}$ highest goal among OECD member countries. If Korea achieves the emission reduction goal, the greenhouse gas emissions per capita in 2030 are $10^{th}$among OECD member countries. The greenhouse gas emissions per GDP are $13^{th}$, and emissions per TOE are $9^{th}$ among OECD member countries. The results show that greenhouse gas intensity of Korea is relatively high among OECD member countries. Therefore, it is needed to continuously endeavor to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate the global climate change. This study can be further used as a fundamental document to establish the future greenhouse reduction policy in Korea.

• Korean Management Science Review
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2014

This study presents a bottom-up approach for analyzing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the shipbuilding industry in Korea. The overall procedures for deriving GHG emissions from the Korean shipbuilding industry are presented. Based on the long-term forecast on energy demands of the Korean shipbuilding industry, reference energy system (RES) and energy balance (EB) for the shipbuilding process are derived for bottom-up modeling.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.282-290
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• 2013

The global warming related to GHG (greenhouse gases) emissions from industries is a major issue globally. Furthermore, GHG emissions from the fishery industries also represent an important issue, as indicated by "The Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries" at the Cancun, Mexico, meeting in 1992 and by the Kyoto protocol in 2005. Korea pronounced itself to be a voluntary exclusion management country at the 16th IPCC at Cancun, Mexico, in 2010. However, few analyses of GHG emissions from Korean fisheries have been performed. Therefore, a quantitative analysis of GHG emissions from the major Korean fisheries is needed before guidelines for reducing GHG emissions from the fishing industry can be established. The aim of this study was to assess the present GHG emissions from the Korean Purse seine fishery using the LCA (life cycle assessment) method. The system boundary and allocation method were defined for the LCA analysis. The fuel consumption factor of the purse seine fishery was also calculated. The GHG emissions for the edible fish were evaluated by determining the weights of whole fish and gutted fish. Finally, the GHG emissions required to produce 1kg of whole fish and 1kg of edible fish were deduced. The results will help determine the GHG emissions from the fishery. They will also be helpful to stakeholders and the government in understanding the circumstances involved in GHG emissions from the fishing industry.