• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.149-152
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• 2011

To improve the soil condition for no-tillage organic pepper cultivation, four different green manure crops were cultivated. Fertilizer supply was depended on the biomass of the cultivated green manure crops, nitrogen supplies were 314kg in Vicia villosa and 341kg $ha^{-1}$ in Vicia angustifolia. In the microbial community analyzed by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) method, soil microbe populations were different among the green manure crops and fungi group was increased at Vicia angustifloia and Vicia villosa. The biological ratio indexes of fatty acids in the soils, the ratio of Gram-negative to Gram-positive bacterial PLFA and Ratio of aerobes to anaerobes were high at Vicia hirsute and Vicia tetrasperma suggesting the enrich of the aerobic conditions. The ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids increased at Vicia angustifloia and Vicia villosa suggesting anaerobic conditions. Abundant biomass and uncomposted organic matter, the ratio of fungi to bacteria was increased at Vicia angustifloia and Vicia villosa.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.69-81
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• 2012

Diverse geostatistical tools such as kriging have been used to estimate the volume and spatial coverage of contaminated soil needed for remediation. However, many approaches frequently yield estimation errors, due to inherent geostatistical uncertainties. Such errors may yield over- or under-estimation of the amounts of polluted soils, which cause an over-estimation of remediation cost as well as an incomplete clean-up of a contaminated land. Therefore, it is very important to use a better estimation tool considering uncertainties arising from incomplete field investigation (i.e., contamination survey) and mathematical spatial estimation. In the current work, as better estimation tools we propose stochastic simulation approaches which allow the remediation volume to be assessed more accurately along with uncertainty estimation. To test the efficiency of proposed methods, heavy metals (esp., Pb) contaminated soil of a shooting range area was selected. In addition, we suggest a quantitative method to delineate the confident interval of estimated volume (and spatial extent) of polluted soil based on the spatial aspect of uncertainty. The methods proposed in this work can improve a better decision making on soil remediation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.211-216
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• 2017

BACKGROUND:This study was conducted to investigate residual organochlorine pesticides (ROCPs) in agricultural soils and crops. Agricultural soil samples and crop samples were collected from 93 cities and counties. METHODS AND RESULTS: Extraction and clean-up for the quantitative analysis of ROCPs were conducted by the modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method. Recovery and limit of detection (LOD) of ROCPs in agriculturalsoils and crops were 76.5-103.0 and 75.2-93.2%, 0.01-0.08 and $0.10-0.15{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. Detected ROCPs in agricultural soils were ${\alpha}$-endosulfan, ${\beta}$-endosulfan, and endosulfan sulfate, the residue were 2.0-12.0, 1.2-53.1, and $2.2-329.8{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. But these pesticides in all green perilla leaf and green pepper samples were not detected. CONCLUSION: These results showed that ROCPs residues in agricultural soils were not as high as crop safety threatening.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1541-1554
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• 2016

To understand the characteristics of vanadium leaching from soils formed by the weathering of basalts, paleo soil at Gosan, Jeju Island, Korea, and several present-day soils from neighboring areas were collected. Leaching experiments were carried out by two approaches: 1) batch experiments under various geochemical conditions (redox potential (Eh) and pH) and 2) continuous leaching experiments under conditions similar to those of natural environments. From the batch experiments, leached vanadium concentrations were highest under alkaline (NaOH) conditions, with a maximum value of $2,870{\mu}g/L$, and were meaningful (maximum value, $114{\mu}g/L$) under oxidizing ($H_2O_2$) conditions, whereas concentrations under other conditions (acidic-HCl, $neutral-NaHCO_3$, and $reducing-Na_2S_2O_3$) were negligible. This indicated that the geochemical conditions, in which soil-water reactions occurred to form groundwater with high vanadium concentrations, were under alkaline-oxidizing conditions. From the continuous leaching experiments, the pH and leached vanadium concentrations of the solution were in the ranges of 5.45~5.58 and $6{\sim}9{\mu}g/L$, respectively, under $CO_2$ supersaturation conditions for the first 15 days, whereas values under $O_2$ aeration conditions after the next 15 days increased to 8.48~8.62 and $9.7{\sim}12.2{\mu}g/L$, respectively. Vanadium concentrations from the latter continuous leaching experiments were similar to the average concentration of groundwater in Jeju Island ($11.2{\mu}g/L$). Furthermore leached vanadium concentrations in continuous leaching experiments were highly correlated with pH and Al, Cr, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations. The results of this study showed that 1) alkaline-oxidizing conditions of water-rock (soil) interactions were essential to form vanadium-rich groundwater and 2) volcanic soils can be a potential source of vanadium in Jeju Island groundwater.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.383-390
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• 2017

Heavy metal contamination of soil might be a cause of serious concern due to the potential health impacts of consuming contaminated products. In this study, the total content of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, As, and Hg) in soils was analyzed, and the difference of heavy metal contents depending on crops, soil characteristics, and topography was compared in 169 greenhouse soils obtained from Gyeongnam Province. The concentrations of the heavy metals were $0.25mg\;kg^{-1}$ (ranged 0.01~0.44) for Cd, $28.94(0.53{\sim}72.63)mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Cr, $26.03(0.5{\sim}166.13)mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Cu, $14.91(1.27{\sim}33.22)mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Ni, $15.76(0.43{\sim}57.1)mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Pb, $119.72(6.33{\sim}239.39)mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Zn, $2.54(0.01{\sim}23.57)mg\;kg^{-1}$ for As, and $0.049(0.012{\sim}0.253)mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Hg in topsoils. The concentrations of Pb and As in topsoil were highest in green pepper and those of Cd, Cr, and Ni were highest in melon. In addition, the concentrations of Cr and Ni were highest in diluvial terrace compared with the other topographies. Higher concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Ni were found in silty clay loam and silt loam soils than sandy loam and loam soils.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.119-130
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to analyze an availability of green roof soil based on the bottom ash soil and compost using sludge derived from food factory as comparing and analysing the growth of native plants. Analysing the physical properties and chemical resistance of 12 different type mixing soils which is mainly used in green roof, selected 4 types of soil, experiments were conducted to compare plant growth. The growth status of the plant showed the most superior of the soil 13(control), next soil 9(Pearlite : Bottom Ash : Compost = 20 : 60 : 20) and soil 10(Pearlite : Zeolite : Compost = 60 : 20 : 20) This result showed that native plants grow well in the soil based on the bottom ash and compost using sludge derived from food factory, and this soil type is determined that is available the green roof soil.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.87-95
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• 2011

This study investigates Youl Chon Industrial Complex 1 by dividing into three regions : the drainage site, the area inside the complex, and the seaside. Then each region was subdivided into three areas resulting in a total of nine areas for soil sampling and analysis. After analyzing the physical and chemical properties of the soil, all nine area's pH and EC readings indicated that the soil condition is not suitable for vegetation growth (according to the previous study, the pH level was 5.8 and EC was 2.0dS/m). Therefore, for Youl Chon Industrial Complex 1 to become green, the neutralization and reduction of pH and EC level is needed; first, vegetation through dredging soil, and second, introduction of halophytes is suggested. This study finds out that vertical changes in physical and chemical properties of soils in reclaimed sites are very variable and the result depends on surrounding environments, so it suggested the basic data for building vegetation or reclaimed sites. However, the additional study aiming at various reclaimed sites is required as this study was conducted only to limited areas, and this study has left monitoring analysis as the follow-up task to check the relations between a plant community and soils.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Geothermal and Hydrothermal Energy
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.21-31
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• 2012

This paper reviewed and evaluated some of the commonly used prediction models for thermal conductivity of soils with the experimental data. Semi-theoretical models for two-component materials were found inappropriate to estimate the thermal conductivity of dry state soils. It came out that the model developed by Cote and Konrad gave the best overall prediction results for unsaturated soils available in the literature. However, it still needs to be improved to cover a wider range of soil types and degrees of saturation. In the present study, parametric analysis is also conducted to investigate the effect of soil type and moisture content on the horizontal ground heat exchanger design. The analysis shows that horizontal ground heat exchanger pipe length is reduced with the increase of soil thermal conductivity and water content. The calculation results also show that horizontal ground heat exchanger size can be reduced to a certain extent by using backfilling material with a higher thermal conductivity of solid particles.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Geothermal and Hydrothermal Energy
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.51-59
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• 2011

Storage and transfer heat in soils are governed by the soil thermal properties and these properties are therefore needed in many engineering applications, including horizontal ground heat exchanger for ground-coupled heat pumps. This paper presents the measured results of the thermal diffusivity of soils(silica, quartzite, limestone, sandstone, and masonry soils) used for the trench backfilling materials of the horizontal ground heat exchanger. To assess this thermal property, we (i) measure the soil thermal conductivities and volumetric heat capacities using dual-probe method and (ii) compare the estimates from the de Vries method of summing the heat capacities of the soil constituents. The results show that the thermal diffusivity tends to increase as dry soil begins to wet, but it approaches a constant value or even decreases as the soil continues to wet. Measurements made by using the dual-probe method agreed well with independent estimates obtained using the single-probe method.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 1969

In this experiment, the litters of each five species of neadle-leaf trees and broad-leaf trees were laid on each pot soils, which had same soil conditions, is the green house and the sil fertility of each pots were determined after four years. Chemical properties among each pot soils under litters of needle-laef trees showed remarkable different values in the pH, base exchange capacity, total exchangeable base, base saturation, organic matter, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium and calcium, and that of broad-leaf trees showed respectively significant difference. The content of chemical components, such as total exchangeable base, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchanbeable potassium, between pot soils under litters of the needle-leaf trees and the broad-leaf trees were significant at the 0.01 and 0.05 levels of the statistical probability. The fertility of soil under the influence of decayed fallen leaves is the highest value in the posts of broad-leaves and next to the pots of needle-leaves and the control pots the lowest. The pH value of the soil with various kinds of fallen leaves showed little difference among themselves, but it especially approached in the broad leaves plots gradually to neutral and hte non-treated plot showed acidity. Lespedeza bicolar and Castanea crenata are supposed to contribute to the fertility of soil. Pinus rigida showed excellent exchanged properties of soi. The leaves of Robinia pseudoacacia and Pinus koraiensis did not contribute much to the promotion of fertility of soil.